President

1. President

2. Recent US Presidents: A Survey • Who succeeded JFK in 1963? • Lyndon Johnson • Andrew Johnson • A movie-star turned President • JFK • Ronald Reagan • President who had served as ambassador to Mainland China • Harry Truman • George H. W. Bush • Richard Nixon

3. Recent US Presidents: A Survey • President who had been a law professor • Jimmy Carter • Bill Clinton • George W. Bush • His counterpart in the United Kingdom today • Prime Minister Tony Blair • Queen Elizabeth II • Queen and Prime Minister • President of the United Kingdom • The maximum time President can serve • 4 years • 8 years • 10 years

4. What does the President look like? • He does not look like majority of the nation • President has been someone who is • male • Caucasian • Protestant • Much older than 35 (average 54) • US citizen at the time of election • Well-educated • Well-to-do • Trained in legal professional

5. Who can become President? • Article II, Section 1, Constitution • A natural born citizen • 35 years of age • 14 years residence in the U.S. • Which one of the following is not eligible for being President? • Someone born of American parents, but in a foreign country • Someone born of Canadian parents, but in the US

6. Who can become President? • Article II, Section 1, Constitution • A natural born citizen • 35 years of age • 14 years residence in the U.S. • Can he run for President?

7. Presidential Election • Presidential primaries • Election to choose the party’s candidates • Party national conventions • Time to formally nominate the party’s president and vice-president candidates • General Election • Voters vote for president indirectly • Voters cast ballots for presidential electors • Electors then vote for P and VP in the electoral college • Majority vote in the college determine the winner • House of Representatives decide if no winner

8. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief of State (head of state)as chief of state, President symbolizes the “dignity & majesty” of the American people • Foreign counterpart

9. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief of State (head of state)as chief of state, President symbolizes the “dignity & majesty” of the American people • Foreign counterpart • Queen of UK • Emperor of Japan • Presidents of France, China, Russia • Ceremonial functions of President • Decorating war heroes • Officiating the opening of baseball season

10. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief of State (head of state) • Ceremonial functions of President • Dedicating parks and post offices • Receiving foreign heads of state • Visiting foreign countries • Making personal calls to astronauts • Representing the nation at times of national mourning

11. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief Executive (Head of government) • Foreign counterpart • Prime ministers of UK, France, China, …. • Executive powers • Seek advise from department heads • Nominate and appoint officers/officials • Sign & issue Executive Orders • “Don’t ask and don’t tell” order (1993) • Enforce laws, rulings and int’l obligations • Supervise and lead a federal executive bureaucracy of 2.7 million employees

12. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief Executive (Head of government) • Foreign counterpart • Executive powers • Powers of Appointment and Removal • Most government positions are filled by civil service employees • President nominates some 5,332 positions • President can remove appointed officials confirmed by Senate (1926, Supreme Court ruling)

13. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief Executive (Head of government) • Foreign counterpart • Executive powers • The Powers of Appointment and Removal • The Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons • Grant reprieves and pardons except in cases of impeachment • Controversial Presidential pardons Gerald Ford: Richard Nixon Bill Clinton: Marc Rich

14. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief Executive • As a legislator • Call Congress into special sessions • Report to Congress on the state of the union • Submit legislative proposals • Approve or veto legislations • Sign legislative bills into law • Veto & pocket veto bills • Ignore a controversial bill • Exercise line-item veto (1996-1998)

15. Constitutional Roles of President • As a legislator: Total Use of Veto

16. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief Executive • As a chief diplomat

17. Constitutional Roles of President • Chief Executive • As a head diplomat • Represent the U.S. abroad • Make & execute a foreign policy that safeguards US national interests • Supervise the execution of U.S. international obligations • Conduct diplomacy and maintain international relations • Coordinate with foreign states and organizations in int’l crises • Receive foreign ambassadors • Extend diplomatic recognition to foreign states • Negotiate and sign international treaties • Negotiate and sign executive agreements

18. Constitutional Roles of President • President Nixon as a Head Diplomat • The Start of Nixon’s Administration 1969 • US & the World in 1969 • Soviet global expansion • Over-extension of US overseas commitment • US forces in W Europe • US forces in Korea • US forces in Japan • US forces in Vietnam • Vietnam War & war protest at home • “withdraw from Vietnam with honor” • Vietnamization to end US involvement

19. Constitutional Roles of President • President Nixon as a Head Diplomat • The Start of Nixon’s Administration 1969 • US & the World in 1969 • Nixon’s New Foreign Policy • Explore relations with Communist China • Rise of Communist China as a major power center • Communist China in bitter conflict with USSR • Communist China, a major supporter of North Vietnam

20. Constitutional Roles of President • President Nixon as a Head Diplomat • Nixon’s China Initiative: a dangerous gamble • Communist China, target of US containment in E Asia • A Communist state • Extremely anti-American and anti-West • A party to the Korean War • Aggressively supporting leftist regimes & armed rebels world-wide • Sought the demise of capitalist West • American public • Knew little about China • Except fortune cookies

21. Constitutional Roles of President • President Nixon as a Head Diplomat • Nixon’s China Initiative: a dangerous gamble • American public • Knew little about China • Except fortune cookies • Anti-Communist sentiments • Red Scare in the 1950s • McCarthyism • “China Lobby” & friends of “Free China” • American existing commitment • US support of the Chinese government in Taipei • US support of anti-Communist regimes in Asia • US long-time position against Communist China

22. Constitutional Roles of President • President Nixon as a Head Diplomat • Nixon’s China Initiative: a dangerous gamble • Execution of Nixon’s China’s Initiative • Nixon made China’s initiative a top secret task • Nixon sent signals to Beijing • Nixon backed secret communications with Beijing • Through Pakistan • Through Romania • Nixon personally in charge • Congress not aware of it • Vice President was told to be quiet • American allies & friends not aware of it

23. Constitutional Roles of President • President Nixon as a Head Diplomat • Nixon’s China Initiative: a dangerous gamble • Execution of Nixon’s China’s Initiative • Kissinger & Marco Polo Plan • First US officials’ visit to Communist China • Laying the ground work for Nixon’s trip to Beijing • Nixon’s TV announcement • Significance • Détente with USSR • US-China ‘alliance’ against Moscow • US withdrawal from Vietnam (1973)

24. Constitutional Roles of President • President as Commander in Chief • President is the civilian leader of the armed forces • President has long been assertive in military decision-making • President William McKinley & US troops into Beijing (1900) • President Truman & Hiroshima/Nagasaki • President Truman & Korean War • President Kennedy & Cuban Missile Crisis • President Johnson & bombing of N Vietnam

25. Constitutional Roles of President • President as Commander in Chief • President has long been assertive in military decision-making • President Nixon & Invasion of Cambodia (1970) • Presidential Power Questioned • The War Powers Resolution (1973) • President must notify Congress within 48 hours when sending troops overseas • President must pull back troops within 60 days unless Congress agrees to extension

26. Constitutional Roles of President • President as Commander in Chief • President has long been assertive in military decision-making • Presidential Power Questioned • After the War Powers Resolution • US troops to Lebanon & Grenada (1983) • Air-raid on Tripoli (1985) • Invasion of Panama (1989) • US troops to Somalia (1992) • US troops to Haiti (1994) • Missile attack on a Sudanese chemical plant (1998) • Aid raid on Serbia (1999)

27. Presidential Powers in Summary • Constitutional Power • A power vested in the president by Art. II of the Constitution • Chief executive • Commander in chief • Statutory Power • A power created for the president thru laws made by Congress • Line-item veto power to President (Line-item Veto Act, 1996)

28. Presidential Powers in Summary • Constitutional Power • Statutory Power • Expressed Power • A constitutional or statutory power of the president that is expressly written into the Constitution and into statutory laws. • Constitutional power + statutory power • Inherent Power • Power derived from presidential power in laws and constitution • President’s power to send troops overseas • President’s power to recognize foreign states

29. Presidential Powers in Summary • Inherent Power • Emergency Power • Inherent power or derived power Power exercised by the president in times of extraordinary situations • US v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp (1936) • FDR ordered arms embargo against 2 warring states in S America without Congressional authorization • Lincoln’s suspension of civil liberties (1861) • Truman seizure of steel plants (1952) to safeguard steel supply in times of strike

30. Presidential Powers in Summary • Inherent Power • Emergency Power • Executive Privilege • An inherent executive power concerning the need of the president or his executive officials to refuse to appear before, or to withhold info from, Congress or the courts. • President Bush refused to allow Homeland Security Sec Tom Ridge to testify before Congress • President Bush refused to share info about Dick Cheney’s chairing an energy policy task force • Nixon’s use of the power to withhold tapes foiled • Clinton refused testimony by presidential guards

31. The Executive Organization • The Growth of the President’s Office • George Washington answered most of his mails • First private secretary authorized by Congress (1857) & paid by federal government • Woodrow Wilson typed most of his correspondence • FDR in 1933 had total staff of 37 people • FDR appealed to Congress to increase White House staff (1937) • Today’s White House=600 staff

32. The Executive Organization • The Cabinet • No constitutional status • Members of the Cabinet • Secretaries of various departments • National security advisor • Ambassador to the UN • Cabinet: a formal source of information • Yet, it often rubberstamps president’s decisions • “Kitchen cabinet” • A group of close friends and advisors who serve as an informal source of information to the President

33. The Executive Organization • The Executive Office of the President • Created in 1939 by FDR thru an executive order authorized by Reorganization Act • Consisting of 11 staff agencies that assist the president in carrying out major duties • 11 Offices • The White House Office • Council of Economic Advisers • National Security Council • Council on Environmental Quality • Office of Management and Budget

34. The Executive Organization • The Vice President Office • Purposes of the Office • Succeed in case of resignation, death, or incapacitation • Preside over Senate & cast a tie-breaking vote • When Vice Presidency Becomes Vacant • 25th Amendment (1967) • President nominates & majority vote of both houses • Succession Act of 1947 • If both President & Vice President die, Speaker of House shall succeed • President pro tem of Senate • Secretary of State

35. The Executive Organization • The First Lady • Ceremonial portion of the Presidency • Greeting foreign dignitaries, visiting foreign countries, and attending important ceremonies • Not subject to media scrutiny and partisan attack • A symbol of the nation • Hillary Clinton: a symbol or a politician?

36. Political Resources of the Presidential Power • Election • Landslide victory • Narrow electoral results • Party • President of a majority party • President of a minority party • Media • Use of media to support a program • Use of media to aspply pressures • Use of media for election purposes

37. Political Resources of the Presidential Power • Election • Party • Media • Public Opinion • Shape public opinion • Follow public opinion when necessary • Mass popularity • Use of high approval rating • To pressure Congress • To make policy initiatives