Chapter 2 Prepared by S. Saterfield

1. How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination Chapter 2 Prepared by S. Saterfield From The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination, Whitley and Kite, 2006 s.saterfield, 2006

2. Social Science Research Epistemology of Social Problems Prejudice and Discrimination Origins—How it came about and Persistence—How it has continues s.saterfield, 2006

3. Social Science Research Results of research is to understand how events happen and how to address that phenomenon (e.g. how to reduce prejudice) s.saterfield, 2006

4. Social Science Research Provides descriptive information Test Theories which researchers derive predictions about behavior Can use research findings principles to design interventions to reduce prejudice Research measures differentiations of high and low prejudice and discriminations s.saterfield, 2006

5. Research Process Theories—organize knowledge by proposing links among variable such as possible describing possible causes of prejudice Variable—is a characteristic on which people differ and can be more than one value when it is measured in a group of people (varies across people) e.g. Prejudice is a variable—some people are high on prejudice, some people are low and some people fall between (can vary as a function of situations) s.saterfield, 2006

6. Research Process Linked theories propose among variables are called postulates Theoretical postulates can be based on results of research theorist's observations experiences speculations about ways in which variable might be related to one another a combination of all these sources s.saterfield, 2006

7. Research Process Hypotheses—derive explanations from theoretical postulates that can be tested in research (statements of expected relationships between variables) OperationalDefinition—helps to construct the hypotheses Predictions—are a best guest about what will happen based on the hypotheses s.saterfield, 2006

8. Research Process Researchers start the process of testing theories by deriving hypotheses from operational definitions s.saterfield, 2006

9. The Research Cycle FACTS THEORIES HYPOTHESES RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS s.saterfield, 2006

10. The Research Process Theory Application Hypotheses Operational Definition Predictions • Data Collection • Correlational • Experimental • Ethnographic • Contentanalysis • Conclusion: • Statistical • Meaning of results • Verification: • replicability • generalizability s.saterfield, 2006

11. Theories and Hypothesis s.saterfield, 2006

12. Correlational Studies Experiments Ethnographic Studies Content Analysis Measuring two or more variable and look for relationships among them Conducted in the laboratory, in the field and as part of surveys in a control situation to ensure criteria for causality Qualitative data collection including participating in events, observing behavior and conducting interviews Study of documents, photographs, and works of art to identify themes to understand topic being studies The Research StrategiesData Collection s.saterfield, 2006

13. Research Process Drawing conclusions—data in research is open to multiple interpretations—leading to researchers drawing conclusions from them Was the researchers’ hypotheses supported What the data means s.saterfield, 2006

14. Research Strategies s.saterfield, 2006

15. Social Science Research Implicit Cognition Measures Measures the degree to which concepts are associated with one another in memory. s.saterfield, 2006

16. Social Science Research Implicit Cognition Measures Measures the degree to which concepts are associated with one another in memory. The stronger the difference in strength of association, the stronger the prejudice s.saterfield, 2006

17. Social Science Research Implicit Cognition Measures These measures are called implicit (hidden) because they are designed to assess associations without the research participants’ being aware of what is being measured. s.saterfield, 2006

18. Social Science Research Implicit Cognition Measures Two implicit cognitive measures used most often in research on prejudice Priming—exposureto an example of a member ofa category, activates concepts associated with category Implicit Association Test—assesses extent to which unassociated concepts makes responding more difficult. s.saterfield, 2006

19. Social Science Research Implicit Cognition Measures Use responsecompetition—pits two responses against one another, a habitual response and an opposing response. Stronger habitual response, longer it takes to make the opposing response. s.saterfield, 2006

20. Social Science Research Implicit Cognition Measures People don’t always ‘speak their minds’, and people don’t always ‘know their minds’. The Harvard study IAT presents a method that demonstrates the conscious-unconscious divergences of cognition. s.saterfield, 2006

21. Social Science Research Implicit Association Test You have simply reported your attitudes toward or beliefs about the listed topics and provide some general information about yourself. We might not always be willing to share our private attitudes with others. We may not be aware of some of our own attitudes Your attitude is showing s.saterfield, 2006