World History

1. World History Chapter Four Section Two

2. GreekCity-States • Geography • Mountains divide it into isolated valleys • Because of the geography Greeks did not develop empires like the Egyptians • City-states were independent and fought to keep it that way • Climate of Greece is warm – free men spent a lot of time outside in the marketplace – debated issues of the city

4. Life By Sea • Sea provided link to outside world • Hundreds of harbors and bays for ships • Became skilled sailors • Traded - olive oil, wine, marble • Brought back grains, metals and ideas • Adopted the Phoenicianalphabet – turning it into the alphabet base for all western alphabets

5. City-State Government • Polis – made up of major city and the surrounding countryside – city-state • City built in two levels: • One – acropolis – high city on top of hill • with temples built of marble dedicated to gods and goddesses • Two - Below the acropolis was the main city • Walled city with marketplace, theater, homes, public buildings

7. City-States • Population of the city-states was small • This caused the community to be close knit • Citizens – free residents of the city • Male land owners had all the political power

8. Government • Ruler of a polis was a king • Monarchy – type of government with king • Nobles used to defend the king – then they took power for themselves • Only they could afford bronze weapons and chariots – military defenders of the city-state

9. Government • Aristocracy – rule by landholding elite • Wealthy Merchants challenged the land-holding elite for power and began to dominate the city-states • This type of government was called an oligarchy – power in the hands of small group of wealthy elite

10. Warfare in Greece • Changes in military technologies • Bronze weapons were replaced with iron • Iron was cheaper and stronger than bronze • Ordinary people could own swords and armor • Phalanx – massive tactical formation of heavily armed soldiers – requires strict training with other soldiers – creating a strong bond between soldiers

12. Sparta: Athens: Make a chart in your notes:Like this:

13. Sparta • Sparta - warrior society • Descended from the Dorian's and enslaved the Mycenaean's • Slaves called - helots – made them work the land • Helots outnumbered the rulers so Spartans had a strict and brutal control system

14. Sparta Government • Sparta had two kings and a council of elders that were advisors to the monarchs • An assemblyofcitizens approved all major decisions, such as going to war • Citizens were only male, native-born Spartans over the age of 30 • Ephors – officials • five of them were elected to run daily affairs of Spartans

15. Spartan Life • Life ruled by discipline • From childhood Spartans trained to be a military society • Babies were examined and unfit babies were abandoned to die • Wanted future soldiers – so they had to be healthy

16. Boys • At age of seven – boys taken from family and sent to live in barracks to begin military training • Coarse diet, exercised, rigid discipline • Made youth excellent soldiers • To develop cunning they were encouraged to steal food – if caught they were beaten • At 20 a man could marry but had to live in the barracks for another ten years and eat there until he was 40

17. Women • Girls also had a rigorous upbringing • Expected to produce healthy sons for the army • Required to exercise and keep bodies fit • Had to obey husband and father • They did have right to inherit property • Men were occupied with war so the women took care of running the estate

18. Sparta Alone • Isolated themselves from other Greeks • Looked down on trade and wealth • Did not let their citizens to travel • Little use for art or new ideas • Admired for military skills their life was not imitated by other Greeks • “Spartans were willing to die for their society because there was no reason to live”

19. Athens • Located in Attica, north of Peloponnesus • Evolved from monarchy to aristocracy • Landowners had power and they chose officials, judged court cases, dominated the assembly • People became upset with the power of the land owning nobles • They wanted more rights in Athens • Athens became a democracy due to the discontent of the people

20. Athens • Democracy – government by the people • Different type of democracy then we have • Solon – appointed to the position of archon – chief official – made reforms • Outlawed debt slavery and freed those sold into slavery for debt

21. Solon • Economic Reforms – encouraged the export of wine and olive oil • Helped farmers by increasing demand for products • Even with all of Solon’s improvements most positions were only open to wealthy and citizenship was still limited

22. Unrest • People were still unhappy – this led to tyrants - taking control by force – • Had support from the merchants and poor because they would pass reforms to help these people • Tyrants often governed well – word now means a vicious and brutal ruler

23. Pisistratus • AthenianTyrant – seized power in 536 BC • Gave farmers loans and land that was taken from nobles • Building projects gave jobs to the poor • Weakened aristocracy by giving the poor more power

24. Cleisthenes • Broadened role of citizens role in government • Set up a council of 500 – members chosen from all citizens over 30 • Made the assembly an official legislature – law making body • Debated laws before approving or rejecting them • All male citizens were members and expected to participate

25. Limited Democracy • Athenian Democracy was limited compared to modern standards • Only citizens could participate in government • Citizens were only land holding men • Women, merchants, foreigners , slaves excluded • Gave people more input than any other society of the time

26. Women of Athens • No role in politics • “The man is by nature fitter for command than the female just as an older person is superior to a younger, more mature person” – Aristotle • Most people accepted this view • Most important role was in religion • Participated in sacred ceremonies and it was considered vital for society

27. Women • In wealthy homes women managed the estates • Spun, wove, cared for children, prepared food • Lived in seclusion and were rarely seen in public • Slaves were sent to the market or to the well to get water • Poor women worked outside the home, tending sheep, spinning wool, weaving, potters

28. Youth • Girls received little if any formal education • Boys went to school if their family could afford it • Learned to read, write, music, poetry, public speaking – as citizens would have to voice their views • Received military training but not like Spartans • Athens focused on acquiring knowledge

29. Common Culture • Lived divided but they shared commonalties – same language, honored same heroes, same festivals, prayed to the same gods

30. Religion • Greeks were polytheistic • Gods lived on Mt. Olympus in northern Greece • Zeus was the most powerful – ruled over godly and human affairs • Children – Ares – war, Aphrodite – love, Athena – wisdom, gave her name to Athens

31. Held festivals to honor gods and goddesses • Processions, sacrifices, feasts, performances, singing, athletic competitions • To find out the will of the gods, they consulted oracles – priests or priestesses that could speak to the gods

32. Foreigners As trade grew they came in contact with outsiders • Called them Barbaroi – people who did not speak Greek – felt superior to them • Barbarian – comes from this term • “Barbarians” – Phoenicians and Egyptians, who the Greeks borrowed ideas and inventions from