Anatomy and Physiology

1. Anatomy and Physiology

2. Terms • Anatomy: the study of the form and structure of an organism • Physiology: the study of the process of living organisms, or why and how they work • Pathophysiology: the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes • Protoplasm: composed of ordinary elements (basic substance of life)

3. Cell • Cell: microscopic structures that carry on all the functions of life • Cell Membrane: the outer protective covering of the cell; AKA plasma membrane/plasmalemma • Cytoplasm: a semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus • Organelles: cell structures that help a cell to function (located in cytoplasm)

4. Cell • Nucleus: a mass in the cytoplasm (the “brains”) • Nucleolus: one or more small, round bodies located inside the nucleus, and important in cell reproduction • Chromatin: located in the nucleus and made of DNA and protein • Chromosomes: rodlike structures; 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs • Each chromosome contains 30,000-45,000 genes

5. Cell • Genes: the structures that carry inherited characteristics • Genome: the total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents • Centrosome: located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus; contains two centrioles • Mitochondria: rod-shaped organelles located via the cytoplasm; “furnaces/powerhouses” of the cell

6. Cell • Golgi Apparatus: a stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm; produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell • Endoplasmic Reticulum: a fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm • Vacuoles: pouchlike structures found via out the cytoplasm that have a vacuolar membrane with the same structure as the cell membrane

7. Cell • Lysosomes: oval or round bodies found via out the cytoplasm • Pinocytic Vesicles: pocketlike folds in the cell membrane

8. Cell

9. Cell Reproduction • Mitosis: a form of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical cells • Each chromosome then consists of 2 identical strands (chromatids) joined together by centromere • Meiosis: sex cells (gametes) divide • Zygote: new cell • A hollow ball-like mass of cells called a blastocyst within 4-5 days

10. Cell Reproduction

11. Cell Reproduction • Stem cells are in the blastocyst • Stem cells have the ability to transform themselves into any of the body’s specialized cells and perform many different functions • Adult stem cells do NOT have the ability to evolve into every kind of cell

12. Tissue • Tissue: when cells of the same type join together for a common purpose • 60% - 99% of tissue is water • Tissue Fluid: slightly salty in nature • Dehydration: not enough tissue fluid • Edema: too much tissue fluid; swelling of the tissues • Epithelial Tissue: covers the surface of the bodt and is the main tissue in the skin

13. Tissue • The supporting fabric of organs and other body parts • Soft: adipose (fatty tissue) • Fibrous connective tissue: ligaments and tendons • Hard: cartilage and bone • Cartilage: a tough, elastic material that is found between the bones of the spine and at the end of long bones

14. Tissue • Bone: similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, and blood vessels; osseous tissue • Blood and lymph are classified as liquid connective tissue (vascular tissue) • Nerve Tissue: made up of special cells called neurons • Muscle Tissue: produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers • Three kinds: skeletal, cardiac, visceral (smooth)

17. Organs and Systems • Organ: two or more tissues joined together to perform a specific function • System: organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function • Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, and organs and other body parts combine to form systems

19. TA DAAAA!!!!!!