Bellringer : February 4, 2014

1. Bellringer: February 4, 2014 Please write the question and your answers: Do you believe the United States Constitution was placed in effect immediately after the Revolutionary War? What kind of people were responsible for writing the Constitution (rich, poor, farmers, merchants, etc.)? Please take a few moments to consider your answers.

2. The Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson (remember that name!) • John Adams originally asked, but didn’t think himself a good enough writer. • Several sections: • Preamble: Introduction, setting the stage • Beliefs: establishing a basis for arguments • Complaints/Grievances: giving examples of events that go against beliefs of colonists • Attemptsto Address Grievances: examples of how the colonists tried to fix problems/differences with King George • Declaration: Actual act of declaring the English colonies free from English rule. • Signatories: 56 men representing the 13 colonies at the Second Continental Congress

3. Small Group Assignment (Voice Level 2 of 5) Open your book to page 121 and read the entire Declaration of Independence. Take turns reading portions of the text aloud. Please be respectful of other groups and don’t read too loud! Once you have completed reading the text, go to page 141 and answer question 19 under “Analyzing Primary Sources” (You will need to read the quote about question 18 to answer).

4. Words/People to Know: Section 1: legislative branch, judicial branch, executive branch, republic, Articles of Confederation, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance Section 2: James Madison, Consitutional Convention, Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Great Compromise, Three-Fifths Compromise, checks and balances Section 3: Federalist, Antifederalist, Alexander Hamilton, Brutus, Bill of Rights, Publius, The Federalist, John Jay, delegated powers, reserved powers

5. Articles of Confederation (ratified 1781) • Each state had the ability to conduct their affairs as they wished • Established a weak central government in the Confederation Congress • Congress could raise an army and declare war • Foreign policy/ Native policy was the job of the Confederation Congress

6. Articles of Confederation (ratified 1781) • Problems: • Congress couldn’t impose taxes (no money to pay army) • Congress couldn’t regulate trade (can’t check against smuggling) • Nine of 13 states had to agree to new laws • ALL 13 had to agree to amendments • No other branches for enforcement or to interpret laws • So no one to check the states if decided to do their own thing

7. Expanding the Country The expansion of territory wasn’t included: So… Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance Designed to create some sense of order when expanding past the Appalachian Mountains.

8. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Thomas Jefferson came up with plan • Northwest Territory would be surveyed and divided. • Townships (36 Square Miles) • 36 sections to a town (1 square mile a piece) • Each section could be subdivided into 640 acres (sold for >$1/acre) • Local government owned 4 sections and sold 1 section to provide for schools.

9. Northwest Ordinance (1787) • Two major parts of the Northwest Ordinance: • Guaranteed Religious Freedom • Not yet guaranteed because no Constitution • No slavery in the Northwest Territory • Northwest Territory could become 3 to 5 states • Territory could become a state with a population of 60,000 and a state Constitution

10. Drafting the Constitution The Articles weren’t meant to be permanent, and the states needed to plan for something new. Financial problems sped up the process as the Continental Congress had been unable to pay many of its creditors. Shay’s Rebellion in Massachusetts showed that the problems were coming to a head.

11. Constitutional Convention After having a meeting in Maryland with George Washington and 5 states, James Madison organized a meeting in Philadelphia to draft a new governing document for the new republic. 12 states came to take part. Rhode Island never came due to opposition to a stronger central government.

12. “The Framers” Major members of the Convention: • James Madison (Father of the Constitution) • George Washington • Benjamin Franklin • Alexander Hamilton • Charles Cotesworth Pinckney No women were present, and most were wealthy and well-educated.

13. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans How to balance power between the large and the small states? • Virginia Plan: • Edmund Randolph proposed it • Bicameral: two houses • Voters choose lower house, lower house chooses upper house • New Jersey Plan: • William Paterson proposed it • For smaller states, unicameral: one house • Each state has equal representation • Plural executive • Executive responsible for choosing members of a supreme court.

14. The Great Compromise/The Connecticut Compromise After weeks of debate, Connecticut delegates proposed combining elements of both plans to create what was known as the Great Compromise. See diagram at the bottom of page 153.

15. Three-Fifths Compromise Slavery caused an issue for many. South wanted slaves counted for representation in legislature but not for taxation. To try and keep the slave-owning states and free states together, three-fifths compromised was created, where all whites plus three-fifths of the slave population were counted for representation and taxation.

16. Checks and Balances These were included in an effort to keep any one branch of government from taking control of the others. Each branch has a check on the other two branches. See diagram on page 155.

17. Ratification Once the Constitution had been written, it had to be ratified (agreed to) by 9 of the different states. It took 10 months to finally have the Constitution ratified due to fears of a central government with broad powers (as in Great Britain).

18. Constitution • How the Constitution is divided: 1. Articles—the major divisions (7 of these) 2. Sections---divisions of an article 3. Clauses---divisions of a section

19. The Preamble—The Introduction to the Constitution • Two main Questions found in the Preamble: 1. Why they are writing it? (to form a more perfect union) 2. What are the goals to be reached? (establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty)

20. Federalists vs. Antifederalists Federalists (nationalists) Antifederalists Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason Wanted new government from Articles, but not such a drastic move towards central as Constitution. Distrust of any executive authority figure, such as a president. Felt central government would abuse the rights of the states and the liberties of individuals. • Madison, Franklin, Washington, Hamilton. • Wanted strong government to be able to check things like a rebellion. • Included separation of powers in Constitution to put limits on central government power. • Mainly urban, educated, seen as elite

21. In the News… • Brutus (Robert Yates) wrote several essays arguing the Antifederalist case against ratification. • The Federalist Papers, written by Publius (John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison) • Madison argued political theory • Hamilton argued practical reasons for strong government • Jay wrote only a few • Authorship isn’t clear to this day.

22. The Bill of Rights • Antifederalist opposition led to the demand for a Bill of Rights. These were meant to address specific freedoms which the Antifederalists felt could potentially be abused by the central government. • Several states ratified the Constitution based on the promise that a Bill of Rights would be passed. • These are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. • The 10th Amendment addressed the delegated (expressly for the Federal government) and reserved powers (states and the people).

23. Review: U.S. Constitution • Written in Philadelphia • Original intent was to revise the Articles • James Madison was the “Father” of the Constitution • 39 men signed it in 1787

24. Bellringer: February 5, 2014 Please write the question and the answer. How do you think it felt to be the first President? Washington claimed to feel as if going before an executioner. Do you believe you would feel similarly? Please take a few minutes to reflect on your answer.

25. Words/People to Know: Section 1: cabinet, Judiciary Act of 1789, strict construction, loose construction, Bank of the United States, Whiskey Rebellion, two-party system, Democratic-Republicans Section 2:Neutrality Proclamation, Jay’s Treaty, Pinckney’s Treaty, Little Turtle, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville, sectionalism, XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, nullification

26. Washington becomes President • Washington was elected by the Electoral College in February 1789. Adams was second and became Vice President. • Washington didn’t really want to take the job, but felt he couldn’t refuse, either. “with feelings not unlike those of a culprit who is going to his place of execution.”

27. Building a Cabinet • Congress decides what the executive departments should be, and then Washington chose. These men became the cabinet. • Three departments: • State: In charge of diplomacy/ dealings with other countries. (Thomas Jefferson) • Treasury: In charge of monetary policy. (Alexander Hamilton) • War: In charge of defending the country and waging war. (Henry Knox) • Also had the Attorney General, or legal advisor to the President. Position not a head of a department. (Edmund Randolph

28. Discord in New York (the Capital) • Adams and Washington didn’t like one another, so they didn’t work well together. • Hamilton and Jefferson more or less hated each other and disagreed, so they seldom worked together.

29. Review: Federalists vs. Antifederalists Federalists (nationalists) Antifederalists Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason Wanted new government from Articles, but not such a drastic move towards central as Constitution. Distrust of any executive authority figure, such as a president. Felt central government would abuse the rights of the states and the liberties of individuals. • Madison, Franklin, Washington, Hamilton. • Wanted strong government to be able to check things like a rebellion. • Included separation of powers in Constitution to put limits on central government power. • Mainly urban, educated, seen as elite

30. Federalists Reborn • Despite compromises, differences still remained among leaders. • Alexander Hamilton and The Federalists • Strong, centralized nation with cities and world leadership roles • Jefferson and Madison and the Jeffersonian Republicans • Smaller government, rural country, power still mainly with the states.

31. First Congress • 10 states represented • Bill of Rights passed and sent on to the states for ratification • 1791 all of the states ratified the Bill of Rights • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Congress organized the Federal Court System • Led by Supreme Court (Chief Justice [John Jay] and 5 Associate Justices) • District Courts and Courts of Appeal

32. Dealing with the Debt: Hamilton’s Plan • Create financial stability and create a strong and wealthy upper class • To do this, need to: • Pay the national debt (pay off War Bonds, all state debts, too) • Raise money to pay the debt (through tariffs and taxes) • Standardize the banking system by creating a national bank and national mint

33. Taxation with Representation • Most money the government had came from land sales in Northwest Territory • Congress could now levy taxes (unlike under Articles) • Hamilton wanted to impose two taxes: • Tariff (import tax) of 1789: taxed goods imported into the country • Excise Tax of 1791: taxed the manufacture and/or sale of sugar, snuff, liquor, and carriages

34. No new Taxes (unless you move the Capital to the South) • Jefferson and Madison opposed Hamilton’s plans for taxation because the majority of the war debt was owed by the northern states. • They didn’t want other states to be burdened with the debt that they hadn’t been responsible for. • By agreeing to move the Capital from Philadelphia further to the south, then taxes would pass. • Decided on a site known as the Federal City between Virginia an Maryland • Pierre L’Enfant hired to survey and plan city (with Banneker to help)

35. National Bank: Can we or can’t we? • Most controversial idea of plan was National Bank • This led to broader debate that still is around in legal theory and interpretation today: • Strict construction: government only does what is stated in the Constitution (Jeffersonian Republicans) • Loose construction: government can take reasonable action not outlined in the Constitution (as long as the actions aren’t prohibited) (Hamilton/Federalists)

36. Necessary and Proper • Article 1, Section 8: “Necessary and Proper Clause” • Congress can pass all laws that are necessary and proper to carrying out its powers. • Hamilton loosely interpreted this as grounds for the establishment of the BUS (Bank of the U.S.) • Jefferson not happy with this because felt it was creating precedent of a continuously expanding government

37. Get on the B.U.S. • Many others joined Jefferson’s opposition • Madison and Randolph (Attorney General) • Hamilton persuaded Washington to go ahead and sign the bill • Bank of United States founded in 1791

38. Whiskey Rebellion: Angry at Excise Tax • Much resentment of Eastern wealthy in Western territories and areas • 1794: Western Pennsylvania farmers anger at Hamilton’s tax on liquor • Attacked tax collectors • 2,000 marched on Pittsburgh with discussion of creating new country. • Washington and Hamilton led 13,000 militia from Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey. • Farmers scattered and were arrested. All but two pardoned. • Showed the Federal government could take action in the states.

39. Party Crashers • Washington’s parties were not accepted by everyone • Framers very concerned about divisions in the country • Despite this, parties started first by Hamilton and Federalists. Gave offices and political favors to supporters. • Jefferson and Madison followed the same plan and turned the Jeffersonian Republicans into the Democratic-Republicans (shows in favor of popular government) • Even if Framers didn’t trust the people to decide the country’s fate. • Sets up nation for a future two-party system.

40. Problems Back Home (and Staying Out of It) • 1789: French Revolution • Stay neutral or support other revolutions? • Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) were excited about it. Saw as an end to monarchy. • Federalists (Hamilton) against it. Always had been wary of democracy. • Leads to the Neutrality Proclamation • United States remains “friendly and impartial” towards events in Europe, even though recognized the new French government • Genet (French ambassador) found American crew to violate neutrality. Washington had him replaced.

41. A Series of Treaties • 1794: Jay’s Treaty • British stop impeding trade in West Indies, leaves forts in the Northwest; U.S. agrees to pay past debts to Britain. • 1795: Pinckney’s Treaty • Settled issues with Spain about borders and territory. • Allowed passage on Mississippi River • Allayed Spanish fears about British and Americans uniting against Spain.

42. Review: What are the three points to Hamilton’s economic plan and briefly describe how each one was achieved. 1. Consolidate debt Allowed to assume state debt in deal struck by giving Jefferson, et al., a national capital in Virginia. 2. Raise Income Tariff of 1789, Excise Tax of 1791 3. Establish Banking system BUS created when President convinced needed, signs bill into law.

43. The Natives are Restless • After the war, many native nations joined together to fight against expansion of states. • American soldiers moved in to Ohio and Indiana, but were turned back by Miamis, Shawnees, and their war chief, known as Little Turtle. • Little Turtle fought an army led by Northwest Territory governor and General Wayne.

44. The Natives are Restless • Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) • Wayne wins decisive victory over the Miamis • Little Turtle didn’t lead as he had tried to urge for negotiations • Treaty of Greenville (1795) • Little Turtle involved in making the peace. • Miamis gave up a lot of territory, but also gained recognition for the land they had left.

45. Farewell Mr. Washington • Washington couldn’t be convinced to stay for a third term. • He wanted to return to his home in Mt. Vernon. • He was also unhealthy. • Farewell Address • Warned against partisan politics and parties • Also warned against getting too involved in foreign affairs

46. Election of 1796 • Democratic-Republican: Jefferson as candidate • Federalists: Hamilton too unpopular, so choose John Adams • Sectionalism (loyalty to one’s region) played a part in getting Adams elected • Thomas Pinckney of SC helped him with Southern states. • Jefferson, coming in second, became Vice President to his main political rival second to Hamilton.

47. XYZ Affair • Tensions with France high after signing of treaties with Britain and France. • French started to stop trade vessels • Many wanted war • Adams sent C.C. Pinckey, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to France. • Prince Talleyrand, French foreign minister, sent lower officials, later known as XYZ, to demand bribes from the senior diplomats. • “Millions for defense but not one for tribute.”

48. Response to XYZ • Cancel treaties with pre-Revolutionary France • Cut trade ties • Authorized building warships and allow Navy to capture French vessels • Napoleon Bonaparte saw this as a reason to sign trade treaties and avoid war with France.

49. Alien and Sedition Acts • Federalists gained support because of suspicion over Democratic-Republicans’ support of France. • Congress passed a series of laws to protect against foreign enemies: • Citizen after 14 years instead of 5 (aimed at French sympathetic Irish and French) • Foreigners must register with government • President has right to jail or deport any foreigner thought dangerous to peace and safety of the country. • No opposition to government policies or officials in the press or in publications (violation of First Amendment)

50. Nullification • Jefferson and Madison drafted Virginia(1798) and Kentucky Resolutions(1799) • These declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. • Hoped states would declare the laws void • Thought that the states had the right to nullify federal laws. • Only Kentucky and Virginia signed resolutions, but the laws would eventually expire.