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Changes and Counterculture

Changes and Counterculture. APUSH 10.3. Early 1960s Civil Rights. 1960 Greensboro Woolworth Sit-in 1961 Freedom Riders CORE – Congress of Racial Equality Attacks on people brought national attention 1962 James Meredith enrolls at Ole Miss Why is this a big deal?. Election Equality.

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Changes and Counterculture

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  1. Changes and Counterculture APUSH 10.3

  2. Early 1960s Civil Rights • 1960 Greensboro Woolworth Sit-in • 1961 Freedom Riders • CORE – Congress of Racial Equality • Attacks on people brought national attention • 1962 James Meredith enrolls at Ole Miss • Why is this a big deal?

  3. Election Equality • Baker v. Carr – (1961- Warren Court) declared that State House districts must be based on population counts • - Shifted political power away from rural areas • - Gave urban and suburban areas more political representation • - “One-person, One-vote” concept

  4. 1963 Civil Rights April – Birmingham Marches. MLK jailed. TV cameras caught Bull Connor’s police actions June – Gov. George Wallace’s Doorstep speech at ‘Bama June – NAACP leader Medgar Evers murdered June – JFK asks for Civil Rights Bill. What does Congress do? August – March on Washington – “I have a dream” speech

  5. 1964 • 24th Amendment – Outlawed Poll taxes • Civil Rights Act signed by President Johnson • Outlawed segregation (De jure – “by law”) • How did he use the death of JFK? • Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. U.S • Upholds Civil Rights Act using Commerce Clause • MLK wins Nobel Peace prize • Freedom Summer • Student volunteers went to South to register voters

  6. 1965 • Selma March (Alabama) garners national attention • “bloody Sunday” • Voting Rights Act • Eliminates many barriers to voting • Monitors many areas known to suppress the vote • 1963-1965 was basically the height of the Civil Rights movement

  7. Late 60s Civil Rights – Northern problems • Urban Riots – mainly in northern cities • Harlem ’64, Watts ’65, 43 in 1966, 8 major ones in ’67 (Detroit) • 1968, MLK assassinated by James Earl Ray (over 60 cities riot) • Kerner Commission established by Congress to study why • Conclusion- racism/segregation • De Facto Segregation – by practice/custom • White flight, redlining, police brutality • Civil Rights Act 1968 • Aimed to end discrimination in housing • How can the Civil Rights Act of 1964 be seen as a battle against South racism and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 against northern racism?

  8. If it does not change fast enough… • Many blacks felt that civil rights progress was too slow with passive resistance. Some groups advocated self-defense and racial pride. • Nation of Islam • Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm (Little) X • Black Panthers • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • “Black Power” – Stokely Carmichael • Urban riots, Idea of Separate Nation, Reparations

  9. Firsts • First African-American Senator – Hirem Revels (1870) • Second – Blanche Bruce • First African-American Cabinet Member – Robert Weaver (1966) • First African-American Supreme Court Justice – Thurgood Marshall (1967) • What did he do before? • Second – Clarence Thomas

  10. Counter-Culture Movement • Started in 1950s with Beatniks • Haight-Ashbury district in San Fran, Greenwich Village in NYC • “Flower Children” to later “hippies” • Movement marked by rock-n-roll, hallucinogenic drugs, and their hope for and idyllic community (“communes”) • Tim Leary’s Credo – “Tune in, Turn on, Drop out.” • Culture declined, but left its mark with the sexual revolution and changed attitudes (do your own thing).

  11. Music • Folk Songs – Vietnam Protests • 1969 – Woodstock • Idealist festival soon challenged by violence at Altamont (SF) festival • Janis Joplin, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Beatles, Jimi Hendrix

  12. The New Left emerges in the 1960s • Mixture of groups • Anti-Vietnam (SDS – Students for Democratic Society) • Anti-war / Anti-Nukes • Free Speech Movement – Berkley (People’s Park) • Feminists • Civil Rights – African-American, Native American, Hispanics • Environmentalists • Gay Liberation • 1968 Election • Richard Nixon campaigns as “Law and Order Man” • RFK’s assassination / Democratic Convention in Chicago

  13. Feminism • Betty Friedan’s book – The Femine Mystique launches movement • NOW – National Organization for Woman created in 1966 • Fought for Equal Pay Act • Fought for ERA – Equal Rights Amendment • Never ratified by the 38 required states by the 1982 deadline. • Why not? • Pro-Choice – Roe v. Wade (1973) • Title IX – equality in school programs

  14. Other women to know • Gloria Steinem – journalist, voice in feminist movement • Phyllis Schlafly – conservative woman who opposed ERA • Those who broke the “glass ceiling” • Sandra Day O’Connor – first female Supreme Court Justice • Ruth Bader Ginsberg - second • Sally Ride – first female astronaut • Geraldine Ferrero – 1st female on major party ticket (’84 Dems VP) • Sarah Palin - second

  15. Other Movements • Stonewall – 1969 • Stonewall Club Riots (NY) • Started the Gay Liberation front • By mid-1970s, Homosexuality no longer classified as mental illness • Environmental Movement • Inspired by Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring • 1st Earth Day – 1970 • Environment Protection Agency (EPA) started in 1970 • Clean Water Act 1972 • Clean Air Acts

  16. Latinos / Hispanics • Cesar Chavez started the United Farm Workers (1975) • Led boycotts • Won rights for bilingual education Native Americans • AIM – American Indian Movement (1968) • Militant actions • Occupied Alcatraz (1969) • Indian Bureau (1972) • Wounded Knee (1973) • Won many rights in the ’70s and ’80s

  17. Conservative Reaction • 1968 Election and 1980 Election – Nixon and Reagan gather support in reaction to the “New Left” Groups • Neo Cons (New Conservatives) • “Pro-family” movement • Nixon – “Silent Majority” • Moral Majority – by Jerry Farwell • Christian Coalition – Pat Robertson • Reagan tried to change policies with appointments to federal courts • Judicial Federalism

  18. Correcting History • Affirmative Action Programs • Started in the 1960s to help minorities • Not supposed to use quotas, but why did some use them? • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) • University could use race as a factor, but not quotas • Reverse Discrimination • Proposition 209 (California- 1996) – Prohibited gov’t agencies from considering race, gender, or ethnicity in hiring or admissions

  19. Reflection Questions • How can the Civil Rights Act ’64, Voting Rights Act, and the Civil Rights Act ’68 be considered turning points in U.S. history? • Why and how did the Civil Rights movement change in the latter part of the 1960s? • What success and failures did the feminist movement have? • How did the changes by the New Left cause a reaction to conservatives?

  20. Links • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpJ4JKIdr0s&list=UUZYs757tACChkS-vjS1m66Q&index=38 – civil rights review

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