Respiratory System

Respiratory System The Respiratory System

Objectives Objectives: After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Name the parts of the respiratory system and discuss the function of each part. • Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the respiratory system and its parts. • Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.

Objectives Part 2 Objectives cont'd • Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating disorders of the respiratory system. • List and define the major pathological conditions of the respiratory system. • Explain the meaning of the surgical terms related to the respiratory system.

Structure and Function Structure and Function The respiratory system performs two major tasks: • Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration • Bringing oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide from them referred to as internal respiration

External Respiration Structure and Function External Respiration Air from the outside environment enters the nose or mouth during inspiration (inhalation). The Nose • Also called external nares • Divided into two halves by the nasal septum • Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed • Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies

Pharynx Structure and Function Pharynx Also known as the throat is a passageway for both air and food Three Sections of the Pharynx Nasopharynx -contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in the body’s immune defense Oropharynx -back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense Laryngopharynx -bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and the larynx

Epiglottis Structure and Function The epiglottis, a movable flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx (voice box) prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing. Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale at the same time so some food may enter the larynx and choking occurs. A technique called the Heimlich maneuver has saved many people from choking to death.

Larynx Posterior Portion of Tongue False Vocal Cords True Vocal Cords Glottis Structure and Function Larynx Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the area where sounds are produced Vocal Cords Size and thickness determine the pitch of sound • Short and thin = high pitch • Thick and long = low pitch

Trachea larynx trachea bronchi Structure and Function Trachea • Also known as the windpipe • Connects the larynx to the right and left bronchi • Point at which it divides into the right and left bronchi is called the mediastinum

Internal Respiration alveolus capillaries Structure and Function Internal Respiration Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect to lung capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and oxygen is delivered to the body cells.

Lungs Structure and Function Lungs • Consist of a right and left lobe • Covered by a double layer of membrane that makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier. The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner layer is the visceral pleura • The space between the two pleurae is called the pleural cavity • Consist of an apex (top section), hilum (middle section) and base (lower section)

Inhale/Exhale Structure and Function The passage of air from the external environment to the lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one inhalation and one exhalation.

Muscles for Breathing Pharynx Bronchioles Larynx Alveoli Trachea (windpipe) Right and left bronchi Lungs Structure and Function Muscles for Breathing The major muscles that contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity during inspiration are the: • Diaphragm • Intercostal muscles Note: The diaphragm lowers itself when it contracts during inhalation

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [adenoid(o)] adenoid; gland alveolus bronchus bronchiole carbon dioxide epiglottis larynx Combining Forms and Abbreviations Combining Form Meaning adenoid (o) alveol (o) bronch (o) bronchiol (o) capn (o) epiglott (o) laryng (o)

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [lob(o)] lobe of the lung mediastinum nose mouth oxygen pharynx voice, sound Combining Forms and Abbreviations Combining Form Meaning lob (o) mediastin (o) nas (o) or (o) ox (o) pharyng (o) phon (o)

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [phren(o)] diaphragm pleura air nose breathing chest thorax Combining Forms and Abbreviations Combining Form Meaning phren(o) pleur(o) pneum (o) rhin (o) spir (o) steth (o) thorac (o)

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [ABG] arterial blood gas acid-fast bacillus auscultation and percussion anteroposterior acute respiratory disease adult respiratory distress syndrome acute respiratory failure Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning ABG AFB A&P AP ARD ARDS ARF

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [BS] breath sounds chronic obstructive lung disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cardiopulmonary resuscitation clear to auscultation chest x-ray dyspnea on exertion Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning BS COLD COPD CPR CTA CXR DOE

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [DPT] diptheria,pertussis, tetanus ear, nose and throat endotracheal intubation tube forced expiratory flow forced expiratory volume forced vital capacity hyperbaric oxygen therapy Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning DPT ENT ET tube FEF FEV FVC HBOT

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [IMV] intermittent mandatory ventilation intermittent positive pressure breathing infant respiratory distress syndrome inspiratory reserve volume left lower lobe left upper lobe maximal breathing capacity Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning IMV IPPB IRDS IRV LLL LUL MBC

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [MDI] metered dose inhaler posteroanterior pneumocystis carinii pneumonia positive end expiratory pressure pulmonary function tests paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; postnasal drip respiratory disease Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning MDI PA PCP PEEP PFT PND RD

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [RDS] respiratory distress syndrome right lower lobe right upper lobe sudden infant death syndrome shortness of breath tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy tuberculosis Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning RDS RLL RUL SIDS SOB T&A TB

Combining Forms & Abbreviations [TLC] total lung capacity temperature, pulse, and respirations upper respiratory infection vital capacity ventilation/perfusion scan Combining Forms and Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning TLC TPR URI VC V/Q scan

Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Methods Used to Diagnose Respiratory Disorders: • Auscultation • Assessing respiratory rate • Percussion • Sputum analysis Normal Adult respiratory rate is 15 to 20 respirations per minute.

Pulmonary Function Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pulmonary function tests measure the mechanics of breathing. Peak flow meter • measures the capacity for breathing Spirometer • a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the lungs volume and capacity Forced Vital Capacity Forced Expiratory Volume Highest breathing capacity following the deepest breath Shows breathing capacity at different parts of the respiratory cycle

Abnormalities/Masses Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Abnormalities such as masses and restricted blood flow within the lungs can be detected via: • Chest x-rays • MRI • Lung scans Structures of the respiratory system can be observed via: • Endoscopy • Bronchoscopy

Laboratory Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Laboratory Tests • Throat Cultures • Sputum Sample • Arterial Blood Gases • Sweat Test

Pathology Inflammatory Conditions Pathology epiglottitis adenoiditis bronchitis laryngitis pharyngitis pneumonitis rhinitis sinusitis tonsillitis laryngotracheobronchitis

Breathing Patterns eupnea hyperpnea dyspnea bradypnea tachypnea apnea hypopnea orthopnea Pathology Breathing Patterns Other Conditions • Cheyne Stokes Respiration • Hyperventilation • Hypoxemia

Upper Respiratory Infection Pathology Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the respiratory tract. Other Conditions: • Croup • Diptheria • Epistaxis • Rhinorrhea • Pertussis

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Normal bronchiole Asthmatic bronchiole, showing constriction Pathology Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as: • Emphysema • Chronic Bronchitis Asthma causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.

Hemoptysis Pathology Hemoptysis Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of blood. Cystic Fibrosis Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction. Atelectasis Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung. Pneumonia Acute infection of the alveoli.

Environmental Conditions Pathology Conditions caused by environmental agents Pneumoconiosis • Caused by dust in the lungs Anthracosis • Caused by coal dust Asbestosis • Caused by asbestos particles released during construction of ships and buildings Silicosis • Caused by the silica dust from grinding rocks or glass

Disorders of the Pleura Pathology Disorders of the Pleura Pneumothorax • Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. Empyema • Pus in the pleural cavity. Hemothorax • Blood in the pleural cavity. Pleural Effusion • Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.

Otorhinolaryngologists Surgical Terms Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians that specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory tract. Surgical Removal Conditions • Laryngectomy • Tonsillectomy • Adenoidectomy • Pneumonectomy • Lobectomy

Surgical Repair laryngoplasty bronchoplasty rhinoplasty septoplasty tracheoplasty Surgical Terms Surgical Repair

Surgical Incisions Tracheostomy tube Surgical Terms Surgical Incisions • Laryngotracheotomy • Sinusotomy • Thoracotomy • Tracheotomy • Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.

Pharmacology Pharmacology Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with other system disorders. Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions: Bronchodilators • Dilate the bronchial walls Expectorants • Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

Mechanical Devices Pharmacology Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration Ventilators • Actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients who can not breathe on their own. Nebulizers • Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems

Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions Pharmacology Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions Antitussive Expectorants (relieves coughing) (promotes coughing and expelling of mucus) Decongestants (decreases and prevents mucus buildup)

Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge Identify the following respiratory structures: A. Trachea B. Bronchi C. Alveolus

Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Apply Your Knowledge An obstruction in which of the following would be MOST fatal? A. BRONCHIOLE B. TRACHEA C. BRONCHI Answer: B. Trachea

Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Apply Your Knowledge Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six months. He recently went to his physician and received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box. Which of the following procedures might be indicated for Mr. Davis? A. Pharyngectomy B. Pneumonectomy C. Laryngectomy Answer: C. Laryngectomy

Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 Apply Your Knowledge Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for something to help her with her dry cough. Which of the following types of medication should Melissa consider taking? A. Expectorant B. Antitussive C. Antibiotic Answer: A. Expectorant

Respiratory System