Respiratory System

1. Respiratory System • GAS EXCHANGE!!! • The path air takes: • Mouth or nose → pharynx (throat) → larynx → trachea (windpipe) → 2 bronchi → lungs • Epiglottis • The air must be cleaned: • Lungs, nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi are lined with ciliated cells that secrete mucus

2. Respiratory System www.fscj.edu

3. Respiratory System www.fscj.edu

4. Digestive System • The Mouth → The Stomach → The Small Intestine → The Large Intestine → The Rectum www.allaboutparasites.com

5. Digestive System • The Mouth: • Mechanical Digestion (chewing) followed by chemical digestion (Enzymes in your saliva) • Esophagus: • muscular tube connecting mouth and stomach, food is moved by Peristalsis • Stomach: • muscular, pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract • both mechanical and chemical digestion • muscles churn the food • Inner lining contains millions of glands that secrete gastric juice (hydrochloric acid and pepsin) • 2-4 hours later: consistency of tomato soup and on to the small intestine

6. Digestive System • Small Intestine • Muscular tube about 6 meters long • Digestion is completed here (mechanical and chemical) • Pancreas • Secretes enzymes and hormones • Enzymes go to the small intestine where they digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats • Liver • Many functions, but one is the production of bile, which helps break down fats • From the liver bile goes to the Gall Bladder where it is stored until needed • Food is absorbed by the villi (link between digestive and circulatory) • 3-5 hours • Large Intestine (Colon) • Indigestible material now passes into the large intestine • Water Absorption • Appendix (no use now but was important to herbivorous ancestors) • Vitamin synthesis by Anaerobic bacteria (B and K), bacteria also keeps harmful bacteria from colonizing • 18-24 hours and out through the rectum and anus • Whole trip took 24-33 hours

7. Endocrine System • Controls your body along with the nervous system • Made up of endocrine glands which release chemicals (hormones) directly into your blood stream • Maintains homeostatis (along with nervous system) • Coordination is via the hypothalamus (in the brain) • Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland • Pituitary gland releases hormones or stimulates other glands to release theirs • Other glands include the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, and glands associated with reproduction • Hormones give cells in your body messages regarding your metabolism, growth, development, and behavior

8. Endocrine System www.life-enthusiasts.com

9. Nervous System • Controls everything! • Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system • Conduct impulses throughout the nervous system • Composed of three parts: cell body, dendrites, and an axon

10. Nervous System • Three types of neurons: • Sensory neurons • Carry impulses from the body to the spinal cord and brain • Motor neurons • Carry response impulses away from brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland • Interneurons • Found within the brain and spinal cord • Process impulses and pass response to motor neurons • Neurons lie end-to-end but do not actually touch • The space between one neuron’s axon and another’s dendrites is called a synapse • Brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system • The nervous system that carries messages to and from the central nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system

11. Unknown sources

12. Nervous System • The main control center: The Brain! • Three regions: • Cerebrum • Two hemispheres controlling intelligence, memory, language, skeletal muscle movements, and senses • Cerebellum • Located at the back of the brain • Controls balance, posture, and coordination • Brain stem • Medulla oblongata: controls involuntary activities such as breathing and heart rate www.epilepsy.org