CHAPTER 17 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

1. CHAPTER 17 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2. Objectives1. The learner will explain how the progressive movement managed to increase the power of government to regulate business and to protect society from the injustices fostered by big business.2. The learner will explain the four goals of progressivism.3. The learner will summarize progressive efforts to clean up government.4. The learner will identify progressive efforts to reform state government, protect workers, and reform election. State Standards 7.3 Recognize the progress of political and social reform in America during this era (i.e., Women's Suffrage, Regulation of food and drug, Initiative, Referendum, and Recall, protection of workers' rights, Antitrust Supreme Court decisions, Muckrakers,).

3. ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM • As America entered into the 20th century, middle class reformers addressed many social problems • Work conditions, rights for women and children, economic reform, environmental issues and social welfare were a few of these issues • The reform movement that sought to return control of the government to the people was Progressivism • The Progressive Movement included a series of reform efforts that aimed to correct injustices in American life.

4. Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement- an early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.

5. FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERS • 1) Protect Social Welfare • 2) Promote Moral Improvement • 3) Create Economic Reform • 4) Foster Efficiency • The progressive movement regard as worthy goals protecting social welfare, creating economic reform, fostering efficiency in the workplace.

6. 1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE • Industrialization in the late 19th century was largely unregulated • Employers felt little responsibility toward their workers • Florence Kelley advocated for improving the lives of women and children. • Florence Kelley championed the rights of women and children by moving into a settlement house, working as the Chief Inspector of Factories for Illinois, and helping to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act. • As a result Settlement homes and churches served the community • Also the YMCA and Salvation Army took on service roles

7. 2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Some reformers felt that the answer to societies problems was personal behavior • They proposed such reforms as prohibition • Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Members of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union who fought for prohibition would enter saloons, singing, praying, and asking saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. • The primary goal of prohibitionists was to eliminate the use of alcohol in society.

8. Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement- an early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. Prohibition- the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages.

9. 3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORM • The Panic of 1893 prompted some Americans to question the capitalist economic system • As a result some workers embraced socialism • Eugene Debs organized the American Socialist Party in 1901 Debs encouraged workers to reject American Capitalism

10. MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESS Though most progressives did not embrace socialism, many writers saw the truth in Debs’ criticism Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in business Muckrakers was used to describe a journalist who exposed government abuses and big business corruption to the readers of mass circulation magazines and newspapers. Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition Ida Tarbell Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker

11. Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement- an early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. Prohibition- the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages. Muckraker- one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s.

12. 4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY Many Progressive leaders put their faith in scientific principles to make society better In Industry, Frederick Taylor began using time & motion studies to improve factory efficiency Taylorism became an Industry fad as factories sought to complete each task quickly Scientific management was one of the inspirations for the creation of assembly lines at the Ford Motor Company. Some results of the introduction of the assembly line were higher worker turnover, reduced hours of the workday, higher wages.

13. Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement- an early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. Prohibition- the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages. Muckraker- one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s. Scientific Management- the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace.

14. CLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENT • Efforts at reforming local government stemmed from the desire to make government more efficient and responsive to citizens • Some believe it also was meant to limit immigrants influence in local governments

15. REGULATING BIG BUSINESS • Under the progressive Republican leadership of Robert La Follette, Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business • Robert M. LaFollette was a reform governor and U.S. senator from Wisconsin made the railroad industry a major target. Robert La Follette

16. PROTECTING WORKING CHILDREN • Early progressive attempts to enact federal bans on child labor were unsuccessful because the Supreme Court ruled such bans unconstitutional. • As the number of child workers rose, reformers worked to end child labor • Children were more prone to accidents caused by fatigue • Nearly every state limited or banned child labor by 1918

17. EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS • The Supreme Court and the states enacted or strengthened laws reducing women’s hours of work • Progressives also succeeded in winning worker’s compensation to aid families of injured workers

18. ELECTION REFORM • Citizens fought for, and won, such measures as secret ballots, referendum votes, and the recall • Citizens could petition and get initiativesonthe ballot • The name for a bill initiated, or launched, by citizens is an initiative. • A vote on an initiative is a referendum. • A recall enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face an election before the end of their term if enough voters requested it. • In 1899, Minnesota passed the first statewide primary system

19. Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement- an early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. Prohibition- the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages. Muckraker- one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s. Scientific Management- the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace. Initiative- a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers. Referendum- a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people. Recall- a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people.

20. DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS • Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. senators • To force senators to be more responsive to the public, progressives pushed for the popular election of senators • As a result, Congress passed the 17th Amendment (1913) • The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for the popular, or direct, election of U.S. senators. • Ordinary citizens gained the most from the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment.

21. Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement- an early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. Prohibition- the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages. Muckraker- one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s. Scientific Management- the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace. Initiative- a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers. Referendum- a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people. Recall- a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people. Seventeenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures.

22. Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement- an early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. Prohibition- the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages. Muckraker- one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s. Scientific Management- the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace. Initiative- a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers. Referendum- a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people. Recall- a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people. Seventeenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures.

23. Objectives1. The learner will explain how the progressive movement managed to increase the power of government to regulate business and to protect society from the injustices fostered by big business.2. The learner will describe the growing presence of women in the workforce at the turn of the 20th century.3. The learner will identify leaders of the woman suffrage movement.4. The learner will explain how woman suffrage was achieved. State Standards 7.3 Recognize the progress of political and social reform in America during this era (i.e., Women's Suffrage, Regulation of food and drug, Initiative, Referendum, and Recall, protection of workers' rights, Antitrust Supreme Court decisions, Muckrakers,). 7.6 Recognize the role of Tennessee in the women's suffrage movement. (i.e., "the perfect 36", Anne Dallas Dudley, Harry Burn, Governor Albert Roberts).

24. SECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE A PERSONAL VOICE SUSETTE LA FLESCHE “ We are thinking men and women. . . . We have a right to be heard in whatever concerns us. Your government has driven us hither and thither like cattle. . . . Your government has no right to say to us, Go here, or Go there, and if we show any reluctance, to force us to do its will at the point of the bayonet. . . . Do you wonder that the Indian feels outraged by such treatment and retaliates, although it will end in death to himself?” quoted in Bright Eyes Susette LaFlesche was a Native American woman who spoke out for the Ponca people.

25. WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE • Before the Civil War, American women were expected to devote their time to home and family • By the late 19th and early 20th century, women were visible in the workforce

26. DOMESTIC WORKERS • Before the turn-of-the-century women without formal education contributed to the economic welfare of their families by doing domestic work • Altogether, 70% of women employed in 1870 were servants • In the mid-1800s, the majority of women who held jobs worked as servants.

27. WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCE • Opportunities for women increased especially in the cities • By 1900, one out of five women worked • The garment trade was popular as was office work, department stores and classrooms

28. WOMEN LEAD REFORM • Many of the leading progressive reformers were women • Middle and upper class women also entered the public sphere as reformers • Many of these women had graduated from new women’s colleges Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel

29. WOMEN AND REFORM • Women reformers strove to improve conditions at work and home • In 1896, black women formed the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) • Suffrage was another important issue for women • Suffrage is the right to vote.

30. Section 2 Women in Public Life NACW - the National Association of Colored Women—a social service organization founded in 1896. suffrage -the right to vote.

31. THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR WINNING SUFFRAGE • Susan B. Anthony was a leader of the women suffrage movement. • The NAWSA was the National American Woman Suffrage Association • Suffragists tried three approaches to winning the vote • 1) Convince state legislatures to adopt vote (Succeeded in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado) • 2) Pursue court cases to test 14th Amendment • 3) Push for national constitutional Amendment

32. Section 2 Women in Public Life NACW - the National Association of Colored Women—a social service organization founded in 1896. suffrage -the right to vote. NAWSA- the National American Woman Suffrage Association—an organization founded in 1890 to gain voting rights for women.

35. Section 2 Women in Public Life NACW - the National Association of Colored Women—a social service organization founded in 1896. suffrage -the right to vote. NAWSA- the National American Woman Suffrage Association—an organization founded in 1890 to gain voting rights for women.

36. Objectives1. The learner will explain how the progressive movement managed to increase the power of government to regulate business and to protect society from the injustices fostered by big business.2. The learner will describe the events of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency.3. The learner will explain how Roosevelt used the power of the presidency to regulate business.4. The learner will identify laws passed to protect public health and the environment.5. The learner will summarize Roosevelt’s stand on civil rights. State Standards 7.3 Recognize the progress of political and social reform in America during this era (i.e., Women's Suffrage, Regulation of food and drug, Initiative, Referendum, and Recall, protection of workers' rights, Antitrust Supreme Court decisions, Muckrakers,). 7.9 Compare and contrast the philosophies of DuBois, Washington and Garvey.

37. Section 3 - “THE JUNGLE” • A muckraking journalist, Upton Sinclair shocked readers with his nauseating account of the meatpacking industry’s conditions. • In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair exposed unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. • Roosevelt responded to The Jungle by appointing a commission to investigate the meatpacking industry.

38. Section 3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal The Jungle- a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time.

39. TEDDY ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT • When President William McKinley was assassinated 6 months into his second term, Theodore Roosevelt became the nations 26th president • At 42 years old, Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest president ever elected. McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901

40. ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERS • Roosevelt grabbed national attention by advocating war with Spain in 1898 • His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba • Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s vice-president

41. Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

42. THE MODERN PRESIDENT • When Roosevelt was thrust into the presidency in 1901, he became the youngest president ever at age 42 • He quickly established himself as a modern president who could influence the media and shape legislation • The first person to use the presidency as a “bully pulpit” was Theodore Roosevelt.

43. TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL • A Square Deal is what Roosevelt promised that the common people would receive. • The Square Deal was used to describe the progressive reforms of President Theodore Roosevelt.

44. Section 3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal The Jungle- a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time. Square Deal- President Theodore Roosevelt’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business.

45. TRUSTBUSTING • By 1900, Trusts– legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries • Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act. • A statement that best characterizes Roosevelt’s position on trusts is that some trusts were harmful to the public interest.

46. 1902 COAL STRIKE In 1902 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, and the right to unionize Mine owners refused to bargain Roosevelt called in both sides and settled the dispute Thereafter, when a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government was expected to step in and help The 1902 coal miners’ strike was settled when Roosevelt got involved in the negotiations.

47. “THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO FOOD REGULATION • After reading The Jungleby Upton Sinclair, Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 • The Meat Inspection Act put forth strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection still used today. • The Act mandated cleaner conditions for meatpacking plants

48. Section 3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal The Jungle- a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time. Square Deal- President Theodore Roosevelt’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business. Meat Inspection Act- a law, enacted in 1906, that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection program.

49. PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT • In response to unregulated claims and unhealthy products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 • The Pure Food and Drug Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other harmful ingredients off the market

50. Section 3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal The Jungle- a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time. Square Deal- President Theodore Roosevelt’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business. Meat Inspection Act- a law, enacted in 1906, that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection program. Pure Food and Drug Act- a law enacted in 1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling.