The Progressive Era Chapter Nine

1. The Progressive EraChapter Nine

2. Chapters in Brief – Questions 1. Describe the four areas of Progressive reform. 2. How did women’s lives change in the early twentieth century? 3. What policies did Teddy Roosevelt pursue? 4. Why did the Republican Party split, and what was the result? 5. What progressive reforms did Woodrow Wilson advance, and which did he do little or nothing to achieve?

3. Chapters in Brief – Answers • Describe the four areas of Progressive reform. > protecting social welfare > promoting moral reform (such as Prohibition) > reforming the economy (busting trusts) (reforming business practices) > making businesses more efficient (scientific management / assembly line)

4. Chapters in Brief – Answers 2. How did women’s lives change in the early twentieth century? > In the early 1900s, more women entered the workforce. Many middle and upper-class women joined groups to promote culture and reform movements, including the effort to improve the lives of African-American women and to win suffrage for women. 3. What policies did Teddy Roosevelt pursue? > Roosevelt pushed for a strong national government through government intervention in regulating business and conserving wilderness.

5. Chapters in Brief – Answers 4. Why did the Republican Party split, and what was the result? > the Republican Party split when Roosevelt and progressives objected to Taft’s slow pace on reform. The result was that Wilson won the White House and Democrats won Congress. 5. What progressive reforms did Woodrow Wilson advance, and which did he do little or nothing to achieve? > Wilson pushed for reforms in business and banking, but did little or nothing to aid women and African Americans to win equal rights.

6. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Background Essay 1. When was the Progressive Period? 1890 to 1920 2. What was the poverty level in dollars for a family of six in 1900? $600 3. What was the average earnings of an American worker in 1900? $500 4. What three Presidents served during the Progressive Period? Teddy Roosevelt / William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

7. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Background Essay 5. What were two areas where Progressivism made little or no change? reducing racial segregation assisting the growth of workers’ unions 6. Define each of the following: underside: the dark side; the hidden problems that are not usually talked about muckraker: a Progressive era reformer who wrote about social problems of the time

8. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Background Essay 6. Define each of the following: Progressivism: reform period in US history that lasted from about 1900 to 1920

9. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document A

10. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document A 1. Who is the man in the cartoon? Teddy Roosevelt 2. Why is he represented in this way (hunting, his attire)? Roosevelt is an avid hunter and once spared a bear 3. What is he doing? he is distinguishing between good and bad trusts

11. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document A 4. What do the bears represent? good trusts and bad trusts (monopolies) 5. What has the man done with the bears? What does this represent? good trusts = properly restrained by the government bad trusts = prevention of corporations dominating the market Roosevelt was the first president to exercise his powers

12. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document B

13. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document B 1. What are two political problems identified by Joseph J. Keppler in this cartoon? > corporate business threatening over small senators > people have no say (door closed and bolted) 2. What is / are the specific meanings of the objects? the galleries stand empty while the special interests have floor privileges

14. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document B 3. What is the main idea that the illustrator / author is trying to get across? > growth of American industry with a disturbing trend of increase monopolies > excessive influence on politics

15. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document C 1. State two ways the 17th amendment addressed the concern expressed in the political cartoon (Document B). > regular votes elect Senators > end corruption in government

16. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document D 1. According to this political party platform, what were five specific problems that led to the foundation of the Populist Party? a. corruption in voting b. isolation of voters c. public opinion silenced d. denied unionization / protests / strikes e. work of many for few to become wealthy

17. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document E 1.  What was a breaker boy? a breaker boy was a young mine worker whose job was to separate coal from slate rock as it came up and out from the coal mine 2. How old were the two boys who were injured and killed at the Lee Breaker? 15 years old

18. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document E 3. What is the main idea of the Lewis Hine report? the main idea is that some children in America in the early 19th century were legally employed doing dangerous and unhealthy work 4. How does the photograph help support the report’s descriptions? the photo shows young boys working in dark and cramped conditions sorting coal

19. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document F 1. State two problems faced by cities in the United States in the late 1800s. hunger / sanitation 2. Identify one reform that was proposed by Progressives to improve this situation. child labor laws

20. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document G 1. State two ways reformers tried to stop the sale of intoxicating liquors in the United States. > prohibition (18th amendment) > temperance reformers 2. Analyze the two maps. What can be concluded regarding prohibition? under the 18th amendment, many states became “dry” and followed prohibition laws

21. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document H 1. What is “the ballot”? refers to the right to vote 2. Why does Jane Addams say that it is necessary for women to get the ballot? women’s votes were necessary to elect people who would support social reforms. Addams apparently thought women were more interested in social issues like health and education than men were

22. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document H • In the photo the sign being displayed reads, “Mr. President, How Long Must Women Wait For Liberty?” The protesters were standing in front of the White House. Was this a good way for women to fight for the vote? Why or why not? many would say that it is a very American way to get one’s opinion across. Peaceful protests that draw attention have been used by reformers to move Presidents and leaders into action. At the time, however many felt it was not proper for women to protest so boldly. But these brave women did so anyway even though many made fun of them.

23. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document I 1. What detail from Upton Sinclair’s book is the most disgusting to you? Opinion Question 2. If you were alive in 1906, and had just read this book, what might you decide to do to change the situation? Opinion Question 3. How does the photo support Sinclair’s claims about the meat-packing industry? the photo shows men working in a slaughterhouse that is dirty, bloody, and not sterile. They are not wearing protective gloves

24. DBQ Progressivism – Questions and Answers Document J 1. What was the purpose of fostering efficiency? making society and the workplace more efficient 2. Define Taylorism. scientific management where efficiency is improved by breaking down tasks into simpler parts 3. How does the photograph promote fostering efficiency? each assembly line worker has a specific task to do; hence, it speeds up production

25. Chapters in Brief Overview In the first two decades of the 1900s, Americans embrace the Progressive movement and many of its reforms.

26. Progressivism Objective Explain how the progressive movement increased government regulations of business and protected society from the injustices of big business

27. The Origins of Progressivism Chapter 9 – Section 1

28. Chapters in Brief As the 1900s opened, reformers pushed for a range of charges to society in a movement called Progressivism, which had four major goals: • Protecting social welfare by easing the ills of urban society. The YMCA built libraries and exercise facilities while the Salvation Army offered the urban poor food and nursery car. 2. Promoting moral improvement, especially by working to ban alcoholic beverages. Prohibitionists – many of whom were members of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) – often came into conflict with immigrant groups. The saloons reformers served vital functions such as offering cheap meals in immigrant communities

29. Chapters in Brief 3. Reforming the economy. Some criticized the vast wealth amassed by industrialist and the treatment of workers Journalists called “muckrakers” published stories about business corruption and unfair practices. • Making businesses more efficient and profitable. Scientific management and the adoption of goods enabled factories to increase production. Progressives also reformed politics at the local and state levels. Reform mayors routed corruption out of Detroit and Cleveland, among other cities. Wisconsin Governor Robert M. LaFollette took steps to regulate businesses in his state. Reformers managed to pass laws in almost every state to ban child labor and limited the number of hours women could work. Reformers passed laws requiring the use of secret ballots in elections and allowing voters to remove elected officials from office. The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for voters to elect senators directly.

30. PROGRESSIVISM Suffragettes Muckrackers CivilRights Popul ists Temperance Labor Unions

31. The Origins of Progressivism Overview of Progressivism Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFlOLyMwnjU

32. Reformers struggled to make government more responsive to the people they sought to restore economic opportunities to ALL Americans they wanted to correct injustices in American life these ideas fueled progressivism Progressivism:a local and national movement by reformers in America to make the government respond to the needs of the people. The Origins of Progressivism

33. Four Goals of Progressivism • the Progressive Era lasted from 1890 to 1920 • at the dawn of the new century, middle class reformers addressed many of the problems that had contributed to the social upheavals of the 1890s by: • exposing unsafe factory conditions • questioning the dominant role of big business • struggling to make government more responsive to the people • together, these reform efforts formed the Progressive Movement progressive movement: the aim to restore economic opportunities and to correct injustices in American life

34. Four Goals of Progressivism 1. Protecting social welfare 2. Promoting moral improvement 3. Creating economic reform 4. Fostering efficiency

35. Protecting Social Welfare Reformers worked to soften harsh conditions and help the poor • the YMCA opened libraries, sponsored classes, and built swimming pools, and handball courts • the Salvation Army fed poor people (soup kitchens) • many women were inspired by the settlement houses Florence Kelley - advocate for improving the lives of women and children - she was appointed chief inspector of factories for Illinois - helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act of 1893 Illinois Factory Act: prohibited child labor, limited women’s working hours, and became a model for other states

36. Promoting Moral Improvement • other reformers felt morality was more important than the workplace; morality held the key to improving the lives of poor people • many of these reformers favored prohibition Prohibition: the banning of alcoholic beverages • prohibitionist groups feared that alcohol was undermining American morals • the Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTM) led the crusade of prohibition • the prohibition movement caused tension with many of the immigrant groups over the closure of local saloons

37. the panic of 1893 caused many people to question capitalist system Eugene V. Debs, a union leader, saw an uneven balance of wealth among big business, government, and ordinary people,and embraced socialism most people did not favor socialism, but did believe in Deb’s criticisms he criticized business for receiving favorable treatment from government Muckrakers wrote about corrupt business and public life Creating Economic Reform

38. many progressive leaders used scientific principles to make the workplace more efficient Henry Ford created an assembly line to speed up production people worked like machines. there was high turnover due to injuries Ford paid $5 a day for eight hours of work – great pay for the time Fostering Efficiency

39. Assembly Line Activity 1. Teacher will have students count off in fives. 2. Get in your designated group number. 3. Teacher will hand out assembly line worker sign-up sheet. 4. Students, per group, will sign up for job description. 5. Teacher will hand out description of assignment.

40. Assembly Line Activity Note: There are people in your group that are injured – figure out how to run the assembly line • Window Person: lost right arm– can only complete the task with left hand (right hand needs to be behind your back) • Tire Person: lost left leg– has to stand the entire time on right leg only

41. Cleaning Up State Government Reforming at the State Level • progressive governors passed state laws to regulate railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies, and large businesses. • protected working children- legislation passed to ban child labor • limits on working hours– no more than ten hours a day • provided workers’ compensation- help for families of workers killed or hurt on the job • reforming elections • Initiatives = a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers • Referendums = vote on the initiative • Recall = enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it • direct election of Senators (17th Amendment)- Senators no longer appointed by state legislature

42. Mueller v. Oregon 1908 - Mueller v. Oregon • Louis D. Brandeis (assisted by Florence Kelley and Josephine Goldmark) argued poor working women were much more economically insecure than large corporations. • they asserted that women’s protection is required by the state against powerful employers. • Mueller v. Oregonconfirmed that labor laws designed to protect women specifically are constitutional, even while ruling that similar laws for men are not. • Supreme Court rationale that was used to rule that the Oregon state law limiting women’s working hours was legal because women are the only gender able to have children(hence the state is justified in creating laws to protect them). • other statesused this to limit women’s working hours to ten a day.

43. Effects of Mueller v. Oregon Positive Results • Women empowered to organize into unions • increased job training for women • gave legal focus and direction (renewed women’s liberation movement)

44. Essential Question How did Prohibition fit into the reformation movement? Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section

45. Women in Public LifeChapter 9 – Section 2

46. Chapters in Brief On the nation’s farms, women continued to play the vital roles they had filled earlier. They helped with the farm’s crops and animals as well as cooking, cleaning, sewing, and child rearing. Many urban women who lacked education joined the work force by becoming servants. African-Americans and unmarried immigrant women often used this route to employment. At the turn of the century, one in five American women held jobs outside the home; 25 percent worked in manufacturing. Half of them toiled in the garment industry. With the growth of business, more and more women worked in offices as stenographers and typists. As a result, more women sought high school educations to train for these jobs.

47. Chapters in Brief Many middle- and upper-class women joined groups aiming to promote culture. The number of women’s colleges grew, and many who graduated from these colleges joined the reform movements. Major goals of these movements were making workplace and home safer. The National Association of Colored Women helped African Americans by creating nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens. Many women joined in the efforts to seek the right to vote, or suffrage. Spearheading the effort was the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Wyoming in 1869, became the first state to grant this right to women. Some other western states followed suit. Another effort failed when the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not guaranteed women the right to vote. Women pushed for an amendment to the Constitution granting suffrage, but for the first two decades of the 1900s, it did not pass.

48. Women in the Work Force Women’s Role in the Work Force • pre-Civil War many middle-class women stayed home (expectation to be mothers) • farm women took care of household duties and farm work • Industry Women • 20% of women worked in 1900 • textile jobs (clothing production) were the most common factory jobs for women • most women who held these jobs were single • women also began to fill jobs that required a high school education (offices, classrooms, stores) • many women without education did domestic work, such as cleaning for other families.

49. Women Lead Reform • Dangerous conditions, low wages, and long hours led many female industrial workers to push for reform

50. Women and Reform • uneducated laborers started efforts to reform workplace health and safety • women were not allowed to vote or run for office - female reformers strove to improve conditions at work and home • Susan B. Anthony was one of the leading proponents of woman suffrage Suffrage: the right to vote