Good practices and new initiatives on social security policy

1. Good practices and new initiatives on social security policy Gabriele Köhler Development economist Visiting Fellow, Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction Team, IDS Sussex ILO/ITC Academy on Social Security: A Modular Approach for Individual Learning Needs Elective course 8 Summary day (“wrap up”) Turin, 24-27 September 2012

2. Overview: 1) The current international development situation 2) Rights, principles, frameworks 3) Good practices and new initiatives on social protection policies 4) Summary: Innovative social protection and a vision towards & beyond “2015”

4. The current international development situation – the rationale for social protection

5. Current international development situation: human development/income poverty/inequity • Human development at aggregate level: slow but steady improvement

6. Human Development Index, trends 1970-2010

8. Current international development situation: human development/income poverty • Absolute number and share of extremely poor people has declined since 1990 globally • But increased number of poor in several regions

9. Income inequality and poverty (OECD)

11. “Vulnerable” employment

12. Working poverty trends

13. Working poverty trends

14. Lack of decent work

15. Share of Working Children, ages 5-11 & 5-14 in percent of age cohort

17. GENDER Social exclusions – manifest in every society • Income/economic class • Ethnicity • Religion • Language • Caste/clan • Geographic location/urban vs rural • Citizenship and migration status • Health condition/communicable/visible diseases • Ability/disability • Menstruation • Sexual orientation • Looks • Recurrent emergency situations • Conflict situation • Age

19. Natural disasters (1980-2011) Total Geophysical events (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes) Metrological events (Storms) Hydrological events (floods, land mass movements) Climatological events (temperature extremes, droughts, forest fires) 19

20. Global trends in armed conflicts (1946-2011) 20

21. Refugees and Displaced Populations (1964-2008)

22. In brief: some numbers for reflection… • Almost 1 billion people live with hunger • 1.2 billion people survive with less than $1.25 per person per day • 2.5 billion people have less than $2.50 per day • 1.5 billion in vulnerable employment • 200 million international migrants • 740 million people are internal migrants • 26 million people internally displaced because of conflict or climate change • 14 million refugees living outside their country of citizenship • 45 million youth entrants to labour market annually • 175 million children affected by climate change

23. Health protection – legal provision

24. Social protection in case of unemployment

25. Maternity benefits

26. Old age pension coverage

27. 2) Rights, principles, frameworks

28. QUICK QUIZ: What is this text?When was it written? Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to the realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

29. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

30. Right to Social Protection Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Article 22: • Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security. ILO Convention 102: Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102) • Outlines rights to benefits for residents of a country

31. Right to Social Protection International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966): Article 9: The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989): Article 26: States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.

32. Normative frameworks: recent UN trends Global Social Floor Initiative since 2001 – ILO Recommendation on Social Protection for all. Rec 202 (ILC June 2012) World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata vision of primary health care for all Right to food, FAO Committee on World Food Security, May 2012 adopted Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security

33. Normative frameworks: recent UN trends MDGs 2010: more emphasis on equity, inclusion, human rights OHCHR Special rapporteurs on human rights – including right to food and right to highest attainable standards of health Rio + 20 Summit: outcome document: The Future We Want refers to social protection

34. OHCHR Special Rapporteurs/Independent Experts on human rights • right to education; • human rights and extreme poverty; • right to food; • right to adequate housing; • access to safe drinking water and sanitation; • against violence against women; • physical and mental health; • economic policies and debt; • TNCs; • and other substantive normative areas.

35. Social protection: UNICEF • the set of public and private policies and programmes aimed at preventing, reducing and eliminating economic and social vulnerabilities to poverty and deprivation. Principles of child-sensitive social protection • Avoid adverse impacts on children, and reduce or mitigate social and economic risks that directly affect children's lives. • Intervene as early as possible where children are at risk • Consider the age- and gender-specific risks and vulnerabilities of children throughout the life- cycle. • Mitigate the effects of shocks, exclusion and poverty on families • Make special provision to reach children who are particularly vulnerable and excluded • Consider the mechanisms and intra-household dynamics • Include the voices and opinions of children, their caregivers and youth

36. Social protection: World Bank • Social protection and labor systems, policies, and programs help individuals and societies manage risk and volatility and protect them from poverty and destitution—through instruments that improve resilience, equity, and opportunity. • Social protection and labor practice will help countries move from fragmented approaches toward more coherent systems for social protection and labor, and help to make these more responsive, productive and inclusive.

37. Social protection: ADB • a basic human right and a social necessity to combat poverty and inequality. • promotes human well-being, inclusive growth, political stability, and social cohesion • can reduce inequality, including that between the sexes. • is critical for achieving the MDGs. • is a key pillar of inclusive growth • is affordable. • is an investment to lift and keep people out of poverty. • contributes to gender equity

38. Social protection: EU 2012 • a human right • social justice and equity, rather than growth • target the poor - obligation of authorities towards their citizens • investment in present citizenry and future generations • reduce the vulnerability and poverty of those excluded or marginalised from economic activity; serve as an important instrument of investment in human capital • a multidimensional concept that should be integrated with political, economic and social goals

39. Social protection: MDGs 2010

40. Social protection: ILO “…a set of public initiatives that • provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, • protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks, • enhance the social status and • promote the rights of the marginalised, with the overall objective of reducing their economic and social vulnerability.” (ILO)

41. ILO Convention 102: Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102) • flagship of all ILO social security Conventions • international instrument, based on basic social security principles • establishes worldwide-agreed minimum standards for all nine branches of social security • medical care; • sickness benefit; • unemployment benefit; • old-age benefit; • employment injury benefit; • family benefit; • maternity benefit; • invalidity benefit; • survivors' benefit.

42. Regional and global consultation process

43. Social Protection floors

44. high Voluntary insuranceunder government regulation level of protection Social security benefitsof guaranteed levels Social Protection Floor:Access to essential health care and basic income security for all low low individual/household income high ILO’s two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security: Building comprehensive social security systems • Vertical dimension: progressively ensuring higher levels of protection, guided by Convention No.102 and more advanced standards floor level Outcomes can be guaranteed through different means • Horizontal dimension:Guaranteeing access to essential health care and minimum income security for all, guided by Recommendation No. 202

45. high Voluntary insuranceunder government regulation level of protection Social security benefitsof guaranteed levels Social Protection Floor:Access to essential health care and basic income security for all low low individual/household income high ILO’s two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security: Building comprehensive social security systems extension strategy • Vertical dimension: progressively ensuring higher levels of protection, guided by Convention No.102 and more advanced standards floor level Outcomes can be guaranteed through different means – there is no one-size-fits-all Social Protection Floor Recommendation, adopted at ILC 2012 • Horizontal dimension:Guaranteeing access to essential health care and minimum income security for all, guided by Recommendation No. 202

46. Beyond social protection: the decent work agenda • Keynesian approach – active labour market policies & fiscal space • Rights-based – emphasis on productive employment, core labour standards, social dialogue

47. Rights – 3 Principles • Inclusion, equality - universality • Every human being is equallyentitled to social protection • This implies universal programmes 2. Citizenship and participation • Involves negotiating specific entitlements that all citizens can claim such as free education • ‘Social contract’ between the states and its citizens • Some countries apply SP to all residents. 3. Obligation and accountability • Ability and willingness of the state to deliver SP under its human rights obligations • Requires transparency and accountability – good governance and administrative capacity

49. Typology of social protection

50. Transformative Social Protection Transformation a structural problem:people are chronically poor and vulnerable because they are Systemically disadvantaged Transformative measures seek to address vulnerabilities arising from social inequity and exclusion Directly: • Minimum wage legislation & workers’ rights • Access to productive assets and capital Indirectly: • Making social protection transfers transformative e.g. cash transfers aimed at addressing marginalisation