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Nervous system

Nervous system. Central nervous system. Nerve cell(neuron). Neur/o,i. Nervous System,Nervous tissue. Neuro/allergy حساسیت سیستم عصبی Neuro/logy عصب شناسی Neuro/arthro/pathy بیماری عصبی مفصلی . Allergy in nervous system

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Nervous system

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  1. Nervous system

  2. Central nervous system

  3. Nerve cell(neuron)

  4. Neur/o,i Nervous System,Nervous tissue Neuro/allergyحساسیت سیستم عصبی Neuro/logyعصب شناسی Neuro/arthro/pathyبیماری عصبی مفصلی Allergy in nervous system The branch of medical science concerned with the various nervous systems Any disease of joint structures associated with disease of the nervous system.

  5. Neuro/surgeryجراحی اعصاب Neuro/blastیاخته رویانی عصبی Angio/neuro/pathyناهنجاری رگی وابسته به اختلال اعصاب خودمختار Angio/neuro/tomyبریدگی عروق واعصاب یک ناحیه Dermato/neuro/sisپوستی عصبی Surgery of the nervous system An immature nerve cell A vascular disorder attributed to an abnormality of the autonomic nervous system fibers supplying the blood vessels Incision of both nerves and vessels of a part Any cutaneous eruption due to emotional stimuli

  6. Neuro/cardiacمربوط به اعصاب قلبی Neuro/craniumاستخوانهای جمجمه جزاستخوانهای صورت Neuro/dermat/itisبیماری مزمن پوستی به دلیل اختلالات روانی Neur/algiaدرد بافت عصبی Neuro/plastyجراحی ترمیم اعصاب Relating to the cardiac neurosis Those bones of the cranium enclosing the brain as distinguished from the bones of the face A chronic lichenified skin lesion localized or disseminated The pain of nervous tissue Surgery of the nerves usually signifying more than neurorrhaphy

  7. Gli/o Neuroglia Glialمربوط به سلولهای پشتیبان Angio/glio/mato/sisنوعی گلیومای رگی Glio/maتوموردربافت سازنده نوروگلیا Glio/mato/sis افزایش بیش ازحد نوروگلیا در نخاع Pertaining to neuroglia Occurrence of multiple areas of proliferating capillaries and neuroglia or a condition of multiple angiogliomas A tumor composed of tissue which represent neuroglia in any one of its stages of development Diffuse formation of gliomas

  8. Gangli/o , Ganglion/o Ganglion Gan/glia تجمع گانگلیون ها Gan/glio/maتومور گانگلیون Gan/glion/itisعفونت گانگلیون Poly/gan/glion/icتجمع گانگلیون Gan/gli/ectomyعقده برداری Plural of ganglion Tumor of a ganglion Inflammation of a gnaglion Containing or involving many ganglia Surgical removal of ganglion

  9. Mening/o meninge/o meninges Meningo/celeفتق مننژ Meningo-osteo/phleb/itisعفونت وریدهای پریوستیوم Meningo/cephalo/pathyناهنجاری مغزومننژ Meningo/rrh/agiaخونریزی مننژ Hernia of the meninges Inflammation of the veins of the periosteum Disorder affecting the meninges and the brain Hemorrhage into or beneath the cerebral or spinal meninges

  10. Myel/o Spinal cord (also bone marrow) Hemato/myelia نشت خون درنخاع Encephalo/myelo/neuro/pathyبیماری دربرگیرنده اعصاب محیطی و مرکزی Myel/algiaدرد نخاع Myelo/blast/emiaوجود میلوبلاست در خون Myelo/rrh/aphyبخیه ودوختن نخاع Hemorrhage into the spinal cord A disease involving the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves Pain in the spinal cord The presence of myeloblasts in the circulating blood Suture of a wound of the spinal cord

  11. Radicul/o Spinal nerve root Any disease of spinal nerve root Congenital maldevelopment of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots Inflammation of roots and ganglion Radiculo/pathy بیماری ریشه های عصبی نخاع Myelo/radiculo/dysplas/iaنقص تکاملی نخاع و ریشه های عصب نخاعی Radliculo/gan/glion/itisعفونت ریشه های عصبی و گانگلیون ها

  12. Encephal/o Brain Absence of the brain The record obtained by means of electreencephalograph An instrument for performing electroencephalography The recording of the electric currents developed in the brain Headache An/encephal/yجمجمه فاقد بافت عصبی Electro/encephalo/gramنوار مغز Electero/encephalo/graph دستگاه ثبت نوار مغز Electre/encephalo/grapyثبت نوار مغز Encephalo/dyniaسردرد

  13. Examination of the brain Dissection or incision of the brain Inflammation of the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord The presence of one or more cavities in the brain Enlargement of the brain Encephalo/scopyتست مغزی Encephalo/tomyتشریح مخ Polio/encephalo/myel/itisعفونت ماده خاکستری Por/encephalایجادیاوجودحفره غیر طبیعی در مغز Megalo/encephal/y افزایش غیرطبیعی اندازه مغز

  14. Cerebr/o Cerebrum The sum of knowledge regarding the brain Below the cerebrum Related to the brain and spinal cord Incision of the brain Any disease of the cerebrum Cerebro/logyمخ شناسی Infra/cerebralتحت مغزی Cerebro/spinalمغزی نخاعی Cerebro/tomyاناتومی یاتشریح مغز Cerebro/sis بیماری مغزی

  15. Cortic/o Cerebral cortex,outer portion Pertaining to the cerebral cortex and spinal cord Cortical and medial Pertaining to cortex and thalamus Inflammation of the visceral pulmonary pleura Cortico/spinal قشری نخاعی Cortico/medial قشری میانی Cortico/thalam/icقشری تالاموسی Cortico/pleur/itisعفونت پرده جنب احشایی

  16. Cerebell/o Cerebellum Above the cerebellum Relating to the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata Relating to the cerebellum and pons Relating to the connections of the cerebellum with the red nucleus Supra/cerebell/ar فوق مخچه ای Cerebello/medullar/y مخچه ای بصل النخاعی Cerebello/pontine مخچه ای پل مغزی Cerebello/rubr/alارتباط بین مخچه و مغزمیانی

  17. Thalam/o Thalamus Thalamo/tomy تشریح تالاموسی Thalamo/cortic/al تالاموسی قشری Incision of the thalamus Relating to the efferent connections of the thalamus with the cerebral cortex

  18. Ventricul/o Cavity,ventricle Within a ventricle An endoscope for examining the cerebral ventricles and for cauterizing the choroid plexus Insertion of a needle into a ventricle Intra/ventricul/ar میان بطنی Ventriculo/scopeاندوسکوپی بطن های مغزوشبکه کورویید Ventriculo/puncture تزریق به بطن های مغزی

  19. Medull/o Medulla oblongata (also spinal cord) Pertaining to the medulla Medulla/ry مربوط به مغز میانی

  20. Psych/o Mind Originiating in the mind Psychology in its relation to medicine Production of a symptom or illness by psychic Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry Pertaining to mind-body relationship Psycho/genic دارای منشا روانی Medico/psycho/logyروان پزشکی Psycho/genesisبیماری های ساخته روان Psychi/atric روانی Psycho/somat/ic جسمی روحی

  21. Narc/o Stupor,unconsciousness State of stupor it used by drugs Production of insensibility to pain by the use of electral current Narco/sis حالت کرختی و گیجی به وسیله ی داروی مخدر و مسکن Electro/narco/sis بیهوشی یا حالت خواب به وسیله ی جریان رقی که الکترود های آن روی شقیقه گذاده میشود این روش برای درمان اسکیزوفرنی بکار میرود

  22. Somn/o,i Sleep Sleepyness Inability to sleep A condition in which sleep periods are excessively long Causing sleep Disturbance of normal sleep or rhythm pattern Somno/lense کم خوابی In/somn/iaبی خوابی Hyper/somn/iaزیاده خوابی Somni/facient خواب آور Dys/somniaاختلال در خواب

  23. Cancers of the CNS • Primary brain tumors • Benign or malignant • Most pediatric brain tumors are primary • Examples are astrocytoma, glioblastoma • Secondary brain tumors • Metastases from other sites • Most common tumors of the brain

  24. Alzheimer’s Disease • Etiology: unknown • S/S: previous section, end-stage is complete inattention to self • Diagnosis of exclusion • Treatment: some meds slow progression, supportive care of patient and family

  25. Parkinson’s Disease • Movement disorder characterized by muscle rigidity & tremors • Usually males over 65 YOA • Etiology: unknown, related to dopamine deficiency in brain

  26. Parkinson’s Disease • S/S: bradykinesia, involuntary tremors, muscular rigidity • Treatment: dopamine replacement meds, PT, supportive

  27. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) • Chronic, progressive, demyelinating autoimmune disorder • Makes antibodies to myelin • Females (2:1) • Occurs during adult years, not geriatric • About 25,000 new cases/yr in US

  28. MS • S/S: variable, may last hours to weeks • Classically: eye symptoms, paresthesias, paralysis, mood swings, balance problems, often sudden onset with relapses • Treatment: beta-interferon products, corticosteroids, glatiramen acetate (synthetic myelin protein) • Usual cause of death is due to chronic disability issues

  29. Hemiplegia • Etiology: most frequently stroke • Also intracranial tumor or hemorrhage • Other S/S: weakness of half of the face, aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, agraphia, alexia, etc.

  30. Paraplegia & Quadriplegia • Etiology: most commonly spinal cord injuries due to trauma • Other S/S: loss of bowel & bladder control, sexual dysfunction • S/S of quadriplegia also include: • Low blood pressure and pulse • Variable loss of respiratory control

  31. CNS Infections • Acute Bacterial Meningitis • Acute inflammation & infection of the CSF & the meninges • Etiology: bacterial, viral, or fungal • Source may be spread from blood or nasopharynx • Most severe type = bacterial • Most common bacteria involved are Strep pneumoniae & Neisseria meningitidis

  32. Meninges • Dura • Outermost layer • Thick, fibrous • Arachnoid • Thin, filmy like a spiderweb • Pia • Thin, vascular layer of loose connective tissue, inseparable from the outer brain surface

  33. Headaches • Any pain occurring in the head • Acute or chronic • Numerous etiologies • Very common condition • May be a symptom of other diseases • Infections, neoplasms, inflammatory diseases, etc.

  34. Headaches • Due to irritation, inflammation of any pain-sensitive structure • Brain itself is not a source of headache • Diagnostic procedures and testing: • Physical exam (PE), CT scan, LP (lumbar puncture or spinal tap), EEG, routine x-rays, MRA, MRI and more

  35. Migraine Headache • Recurrent, usually severe headache of vascular origin • More common in females (3 to 1) • Family history in 70-80% • Onset common in adolescence or early adulthood • 80% have first migraine by 30YOA • Usually become less frequent with age

  36. Migraine Headache • 10-20% US population have migraines • 2nd most common cause of HA in US • Muscle tension HA is #1 • S/S: • Intense throbbing headache, uni-or bilateral • Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, tinnitus • Visual disturbances • With or without aura (classical vs. common) • Duration from 4-72 hours

  37. Migraine Headache • Etiology: • Vasoactive chemicals (peptides) in brain (serotonin and dopamine) • Stimulate inflammatory cascade • This causes vasodilation • Serotonin appears to be most important factor

  38. Hemiplegia • Etiology: most frequently stroke • Also intracranial tumor or hemorrhage • Other S/S: weakness of half of the face, aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, agraphia, alexia, etc.

  39. Paraplegia & Quadriplegia • Etiology: most commonly spinal cord injuries due to trauma • Other S/S: loss of bowel & bladder control, sexual dysfunction • S/S of quadriplegia also include: • Low blood pressure and pulse • Variable loss of respiratory control

  40. CNS Infections • Acute Bacterial Meningitis • Acute inflammation & infection of the CSF & the meninges • Etiology: bacterial, viral, or fungal • Source may be spread from blood or nasopharynx • Most severe type = bacterial • Most common bacteria involved are Strep pneumoniae & Neisseria meningitidis

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