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Biochemistry. Macromolecules. Giant molecules made from thousands of smaller molecules Formed by polymerization. Polymerization . The construction of larger compounds by joining (bonding) smaller compounds together. Monomers=smaller compounds Polymers=collection of smaller compounds.
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Macromolecules • Giant molecules made from thousands of smaller molecules • Formed by polymerization
Polymerization • The construction of larger compounds by joining (bonding) smaller compounds together. • Monomers=smaller compounds • Polymers=collection of smaller compounds. Monomers Polymers
Organic Compounds: • Chemical compounds containing Carbon • Also known as biomolecules
How Organic Compounds are Formed and Destroyed • Dehydration Synthesis • Hydrolysis
Dehydration Synthesis • The combination of two monomers (building blocks) to make a polymer using enzymes and losing water.
Hydrolysis • The process of breaking down a polymer (large organic molecule) into its sub units (monomers) using enzymes and water.
Bio-Molecules • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates(Sugars) • Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. (CH2O) • The monomers that make up carbs are monosaccharides • Types of Sugars: • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides
Saccharide Examples • Monosaccharides: • Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6 ), fructose(in fruits), galactose(in milk), deoxyribose, and ribose sugar • Disaccharides: • Examples: Sucrose (C12H22O11), lactose, maltose. • Polysaccharides: • Examples: Starch (C6H10O5)n , cellulose and glycogen
Carbohydrate Functions • Living things use as main source of energy • Quick energy foods (glucose, sucrose, and fructose.) • Used by cells to store and release energy. • Storage=polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) • Structure (cellulose)
Examples of Foods • Fruit • Bread • Rice • Candy/Cakes • Cereal • Potatoes • Pasta • Beans
Lipids • A group of compounds that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms and contain very little oxygen • Insoluble in water • Examples: Fats, Steroids, Oils, and Wax • They are found surrounding internal organs, in each cell membrane, and clogging arteries and veins. • Monomers of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol
Saturated: No double bonds between the carbons Solid at room temperature Found mostly in animals. Ex: Butter Unsaturated: Double bonds between some of the carbons Liquid at room temperature Found mostly in plants Ex: Olive Oil Main Types of Fats
Lipid Functions • High Energy food, more for long term energy. • Protects vital organs • Insulates the body • Stores food for later use
Examples of Foods • Butter • Cheese • Olive Oil • Nuts
Protein • Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Monomers of proteins are amino acids. • Approximately 20 known amino acids. • Each amino acid contains an NH2 or amino group and a CO2H or carboxyl group
Protein Functions • Movement: Makes up muscle tissue • Transport: Carries oxygen in organisms (hemoglobin). • Immunity: Helps fight off foreign invaders (antibodies). • Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions (amylase) • Energy source • Cell movement
Examples of Foods • Chicken • Beef • Peanuts • Eggs • Fish • Turkey • Cheese • Milk
Nucleic Acids • These are chemical compounds made up of smaller units(monomers) called nucleotides. • Examples are: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
DNA Double Helix Contains the sugar deoxyribose RNA Single strand Contains the sugar ribose Nucleic Acid Comparison
Nucleotide • 3 parts: • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogen base
Function • Store and transmit genetic information
Enzymes • Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions • Lower the amount of energy needed to start the reaction in cells • Specific and can only catalyze one chemical reaction
Enzyme Action • An enzyme binds to a substrate in a region called the active site • Only certain substrates can fit the active site • 1 enzyme will work with only 1 substance
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity • pH • Maximum activity at optimum pH • Narrow range of activity • Most lose activity in low or high pH • Temperature • Little activity at low temperature • Rate increases with temperature increase • Most active at optimum temperatures (37°C = human) • Won’t work with too high or low temperature
pHScale • Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution • Measure with pH paper
Acids • pH below 7 • Have more H+ions than OH- ions • The lower the pH, the greater the acidity • Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid
Bases • pH above 7 • Have more OH-ions than H+ ions • The higher the pH, the more basic the solution • Examples: oven cleaner, bleach, soap, drain-o
Neutral • Concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal • pH of 7 on scale • Example: pure water
pH Scale • Each pH unit is 10 times as large as the previous one • A change of 2 pH units means 100 times more basic or acidic
Buffer • Solutions that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH • The pH of most cells in the human body must generally be kept between 6.5 and 7.5. • Controlling pH is important for maintaining homeostasis.