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Understanding Cause and Effect through Experiments

Explore the principles of experiments, including independent and dependent variables, hypothesis, control groups, and more. Learn about placebo effects, single-blind and double-blind studies. Findings need replication for confirmation.

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Understanding Cause and Effect through Experiments

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  1. EXPERIMENTS • Answers questions about cause and effect • Independent variable: factor that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect • Dependent variable: changes due to the application of the independent variable • Hypothesis: a guess of what will happen in the study (if/then statement)

  2. EXPERIMENTS • Experimental Group: receives the independent variable • Control Group: does not receive the independent variable • Controlled Experiment: includes a control group • Placebo: a substance or treatment that has no effects apart from a person’s belief in it

  3. EXPERIMENTS • Single-Blind Study: Participants do not know whether they are receiving the independent variable • Double-Blind Study: Participants nor the experimenters know of who is receiving the independent variable • For the findings of a study to be confirmed, the study must be repeated and it must produce the same results

  4. EXAMPLE • Hypothesis: If people eat chocolate, then they will report higher levels of happiness (if/then statement) • Independent Variable: chocolate (what the experimenter controls or hands out to the subjects) • Dependent Variable: happiness (the factor that changes in the experiment)

  5. EXAMPLE • Experimental Group: the subjects who eat chocolate daily (they receive the independent variable) • Control Group: the subjects who do not eat chocolate daily (they do not receive the independent variable)

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