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Mongols andthe Muslim World https://www.google.com/search?q=mongols+baghdad+pictures&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CaWQR_1LIhS8nIjgfspj-eWqS_1xsm854_1Lu5YN8sG8YzJVNY6s2jq2PLaKssDz_1vUorETvS2u3Q7yTF5KNPHAcdWeuSoSCR-ymP55apL_1EVf5DzKoWcTaKhIJGybznj8u7lgRBaovSNeWsZkqEgk3ywbxjMlU1hE-C2DT_1wKKVSoSCTqzaOrY8toqEe09ocg-2Tl3KhIJywPP-9SisRMRTytHP1gCgYIqEgm9La7dDvJMXhFPK0c_1WAKBgioSCUo08cBx1Z65ETuhZ0sTuXp6&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizm7ry-NTWAhULw2MKHWGoAOEQ9C8IHw&biw=1600&bih=742&dpr=1#imgrc=pZBH8siFLycEwM: Slideshow by A.S. Hashim MD
MONGOLS were a quasi-Turkic nomadic population from Mongolia, began to expand late 12th c. because of OVERPOPULATION.
Who were the Mongols? • Nomads, pastoralists: • Xiongnu (Huns) • Turks • Mongols • Pastoralism, trade, raiding • Self-sufficiency • Plurality of religious practice • Shamanism • Buddhists, (Nestorian) Christians, Muslims • Idea of a Great Khan
Mongol Conquests (1206-1258) • Temujin declared himself: Genghis Khan (b. 1162; 1227) • Really: Chingis Khan = “Ocean King” • United Mongol tribes, “of all those who live in felt tents.” • Used Tengri - the Sky-God to justify his rule
THE FAMILY OF GENGHIS KHAN GENGHIS (1162-1227) Jochi Ögödei Chagatai Tuluy ↓ Great Khan C. ASIA GOLDEN HORDE Möngke KhubilaiHulagu (RUSSIA) Great Khan CHINAIRAN/IRAQ ↓ ↓ Yuan dynastyIlkhanids 1270-1368 c. 1260-1349
Nature of Mongol invasions: armies (hordes) are accompanied by entire population. Yurts = Mongol mobile homes Mongol “blitzkriegs” and devastation
Why did they begin to expand? • No one really knows • few written records • Booty? • Climatic change? – Population high, temperatures fell, pastures decreased • Population growth? • Steppe-landers being steppe-landers?
Why were the Mongol armies so successful? • Simple, but effective • All males, 15-60, were eligible for conscription • army was only source of honor • Trained using massive hunts • Great discipline • Equipped for mobility and speed: lightly armored, no supply lines; couriers • Careful planning, reconnaissance, intelligence • Very good at adapting to various conditions. • Became adept at siege warfare; recruited well; built effective catapults. • Combined various types of armed force: mounted archers, lancers, engineers, rockets, and smoke.
Ghengis Khan died in 1227 C.E. Mongol leaders returned to Karakorum, their capital. The empire at this point covered nearly 26 million sq. km. About four times the size of the Macedonian or Roman Empires.
Post-Chinggis conquests • 1237: Under the leadership of Batu Khan, the Mongols returned to the West and began their campaign to subjugate Kievan Rus’. • 1240: Mongols sacked Kiev. • 1241: Mongols destroyed German, Magyar and Polish forces, and seemed unstoppable. • 1258: Mongols occupied Baghdad. The fate of Abbasid caliphate. • 1259: Mongol invasion of Syria. • 1260: The battle of Ain Jalut: Mamluks defeated Mongols.
Hulagu’s invasion of Iran and Iraq Raids and advances →all-out assaults on population centers Hasani, I’m frightened!
Prosperity in the Islamic World • The Muslim empires carried on extensive trade with China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and SE Asia. • Trade was done by ship and by camel caravans which traveled from Morocco in the West to the countries beyond the Caspian Sea in Central Asia to the East. • Goods • Sub Saharan Africa: Gold and Slaves • China: Silk and Porcelain • E. Africa: Gold and Ivory • SE Asia and India: Sandalwood and Spices. • Egypt: Grain • Iraq: Linen, Dates, and Precious Stones • W. India: Textiles • The development of banking helped to facilitate trade and eventually influenced European banking systems during the European Renaissance.
The Role of Cities • Flourishing trade led to wealthy and successful cities. • Baghdad-was known as the city of peace and was highly successful under the Abbasi rule • Cairo: Was part of the Fatimi Dynasty, prosperous • Cordoba: Capital of Umayya Spain, prosperous too • Cities had Palaces for the Khalifas and mosques for worship. • There were also public buildings with fountains, courtyards, public baths, and a bazaar.
The Bazaar The covered market was a central part of each Muslim city. There were high standards for business and sanitation. It was a place where people could acquire both goods and services.
Islamic Society • Islam is considered more than just a religion, it is seen as a way of life that encompasses politics, economics, and social life. • According to the Quran, all people were equal in the eyes of God, but in reality, the Muslim Empires did not follow this ideal. There was a well developed upper and lower class. • Non-Muslims were not considered equal to Muslims and slavery was widespread (as in the rest of the ancient world). Slaves were usually non-Muslims because Islamic law made it illegal for one Muslim to enslave another. • Slaves served in the military or served as domestic servants. • Slaves could sometimes purchase their freedom and it was considered a good act to free ones slaves.
The sack of Baghdad, 1258 (1) Conspiracy theory: Caliph betrayed (2) Caliph’s army of 10,000 vs. Hulagu’s army of 200,000 (3) Abbasid royal family murdered
Pages from the Shahname prepared at the Ilkhanid court in Tabriz, 1308
Guyuk Khan’s reply to the pope: 1246 • Guyuk Khan’s reply to the pope: ....you must come yourself at the head of all your kings and prove to Us your fealty and allegiance. And if you disregard the command of God and disobey Our instructions, We shall look up on you as Our enemy. Whoever recognizes and submits to the Son of Gods and Lord of the World; whoever refuses submission will be wiped out."
Mongol rule and Mongol Peace • Khanates (1299) • Use of local elites • Tax farming • Mongol rulers focused on feasting, hunting, and internal disputes rather than day-to-day governing. • Very flexible and tolerant: “But just as God has given different fingers to the hand, so He has given different religions to people.”
Effects on Overland Trade • Linked Christian, Muslim and Chinese worlds in one Pax Mongolica • Encouraged Silk Road trade • Patrols and passports • Paid high prices at Karakorum and financed caravans • Marco Polo (1253-1324) • Traveled with father and uncle to the East, made a fortune, and went back (1271-1295) • Great influence on European attitudes towards the East • New Ideas from China went west: Paper and paper money, gunpowder, coal, movable type, etc.
Il-Khan Empire • Caused collapse of the Abbasi Caliphate. • Hulegu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258. • 1295: Il-khan Ghazan adopted Islam; end of tolerance. • Great deal of trade with China (silk roads) • Ended 1343 with death of last Il-khan.
Mongol Conquests in Russia • Fall of Kiev, 1240 • Batu (r. 1240-1255) established “Golden Horde” rule • Mongol capital at Sarai • Taxes eventually farmed out to local princes. • Rise of Novgorod and Moscow • Alexander Nevskii argued for cooperation with Mongols rather than resistance.
Defeat of Mongol rule by Mamluks • Mamluk Egypt • Slaves into warriors • In 1250 Mamluks rebelled • by 1254 placed own ruler on the thrown. • September 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut (Syria), Mamluks defeated Mongol armies. • Mamluks were Turks and Circassians. • Used mid’fa (hand cannon) • Stopped Mongol expansion into Africa.
Khilaafah epilogue A. Abbasi prince escapes Mongol sack of Baghdad, flees to CAIRO. B. Recognized and treated as “shadow-caliph” by Mamluk Sultan, who takes over govt. in 1250 and defeats Mongols in Syria in 1260.
Thank you May God Bless you
