Management 11e John Schermerhorn

Management 11e John Schermerhorn Chapter 14Individual Behavior

Planning Ahead — Chapter 14 Study Questions • How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • What should we know about personalities in the workplace? • How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • What are the dynamics of emotions, moods, and stress? Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Basic background on work • Work can be a “turn-on” or a “turn-off ” • People may work under conditions that don’t provide satisfaction  but this it doesn’t have to be this way • Valuing people and creating jobs and work environments that respect people’s needs and potential will benefit everyone Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Perception • The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from the environment • People can perceive the same things or situations differently • People behave on the basis of their perceptions Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Psychological contract • Person-job fit begins here • A set of expectations held by an individual about what will be given and received in the employment relationship • An ideal work situation is one with a fair psychological contract • Balance of contributions and inducements Management 11e Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Components in the psychological contract Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Perception and attribution • Attribution • The process of developing explanations for events • Fundamental attribution error • Occurs when observers blame another’s performance failures or problems on internal factors rather than external factors Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Perception and attribution • Self-serving bias • Occurs because individuals blame their personal performance failures or problems on external factors and attribute their successes to internal factors Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Perceptual tendencies and distortions: • Stereotypes • Occur when attributes commonly associated with a group are assigned to an individual • Racial and ethnic • Gender • Ability • Age • Others? Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Perceptual tendencies and distortions • Halo effects • Occur when one attribute is used to develop an overall impression of a person or situation Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Perceptual tendencies and distortions: • Selective perception • The tendency to define problems from ones’ own point of view • Projection • The assignment of personal attributes to other individuals Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 1: How do perceptions influence individual behavior? • Perceptual tendencies and distortions: • Impression management • The systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us • dress to convey positive appeal • flatter others to generate positive feelings • when conversing, make eye contact and smile • display a high level of energy Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 2: What should we know about personalities in the workplace? • Personality • The combination or overall profile of characteristics that makes one person unique from others Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 2: What should we know about personalities in the workplace? • “Big Five” personality traits: • Extroversion • Being outgoing, sociable, and assertive • Agreeableness • Being good-natured, cooperative, and trusting • Conscientiousness • Being responsible, dependable, and careful • Emotional stability • Being relaxed, secure, and unworried • Openness • Being curious, receptive to new things, and open to change Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 2: What should we know about personalities in the workplace? Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 2: What should we know about personalities in the workplace? • Other personality traits that affect work behavior: • Locus of control • The extent to which one believes that what happens to them is within one’s control • Authoritarianism • The degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts status differences • Machiavellianism • The extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative in using power Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 2: What should we know about personalities in the workplace? • Other personality traits that affect work behavior: • Self-monitoring • The degree to which someone is able to adjust and eand modify behavior in response to the situation xternal factors • Type A personality • Orientation toward extreme achievement, impatience and perfectionism Management 11e Chapter 14

Figure 14.2 The “Big Five” & five more personality dimensions that influence human behavior at work Please insert figure 14.2 here Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Attitude • A predisposition to act in a certain way toward people and things in one’s environment • Components of attitudes: • Cognitive component • Affective or emotional component • Behavioral component • Cognitive dissonance • The discomfort a person feels when attitudes and behavior are inconsistent Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Components of attitudes: • Cognitive component • Affective or emotional component • Behavioral component Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Job satisfaction • The degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about various aspects of work Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Common aspects of job satisfaction: • Work itself • Quality of supervision • Coworkers • Opportunities • Pay • Work conditions • Security Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • There is a strong and positive relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism and turnover Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Satisfaction-related concepts having quality of work life implications … Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Job performance • The quantity and quality of task accomplishments by an individual or group at work Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Is there a relationship between job satisfaction and performance? • Are satisfied workers more productive? • Are productive workers more satisfied? • Do rewards for productivity create satisfaction, influencing future performance? Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Emotions • Strong feelings directed toward someone or something • Emotional intelligence • Ability to understand emotions and manage relationships Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 3: How do attitudes influence individual behavior? • Moods • Generalized positive and negative feelings or states of mind • Mood contagion • Spillover of one’s positive or negative moods onto others Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress and stress management? • Stress • A state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress and stress management? • Stressors • Things that cause stress • Originate in work, personal, and nonwork situations • Have the potential to influence work attitudes, behavior, job performance, and health Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress and stress management? • Work factors as potential stressors: • Includes: • Excessively high or low task demands • Role conflicts or ambiguities • Poor interpersonal relationships • Too slow or too fast career progress • Work-related stress syndromes: • Set up to fail • Mistaken identity Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress and stress management? • Personal factors as potential stressors: • Includes needs, capabilities, and personality • Stressful behavior patterns of the Type A personality: • Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly • Acting impatient, hurrying others, disliking waiting • Doing, or trying to do, several things at once • Feeling guilty when relaxing • Trying to schedule more in less time • Using nervous gestures such as a clenched fist • Hurrying or interrupting the speech of others Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress and stress management? • Nonwork factors as potential stressors: • Includes: • Family events • Economics • Personal affairs • “Spill-over” effect on the stress an individual experiences at work Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress and stress management? • Consequences of stress: • Constructive stress • Acts as a positive influence • Can be energizing and performance enhancing • Destructive stress • Impairs performance • Breaks down a person’s physical and mental systems • Can lead to job burnout and/or workplace rage Management 11e Chapter 14

Figure 14.3Potential negative consequences of a destructive job stress-burnout cycle Management 11e Chapter 14

Study Question 4: What are the dynamics of stress and stress management? • Personal wellness: • The pursuit of personal and mental potential though a personal health-promotion program • A form of preventative stress management • Enables people to be better prepared to deal with stress Management 11e Chapter 14

Chapter 14 Case • Facebook: It’s not just for kids

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Management 11e John Schermerhorn