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CHAPTER 34

CHAPTER 34. VERTEBRATES. OVERVIEW. The animals called vertebrates get their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone There are about 52,000 species of vertebrates, including the largest organisms ever to live on the Earth

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CHAPTER 34

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  1. CHAPTER 34 VERTEBRATES

  2. OVERVIEW • The animals called vertebratesget their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone • There are about 52,000 species of vertebrates, including the largest organisms ever to live on the Earth • Vertebrates have great disparity, a wide range of differences within the group

  3. I. Concept 34.1: Phylum Chordata A. Deuterostomes and Bilateria B. 4 Unique Characteristics (all appear at some time during life span) 1. Pharyngeal Gill Slits • Becomes Eustachian tube in human • Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates • Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods) • Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods (critters with 4 legs)

  4. 2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord • Develops into brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) 3. Notochord • Flexible, longitudinal rod located between digestive tube and the nerve cord • Present in all chordate embryos • Often retained in adults as disks between vertebrae in humans 4. Muscular Postanal Tail • Extends beyond the anus • Contains skeletal elements and muscles

  5. C. Subphylum Cephalochordata 1. Ex: lancelets (Amphioxus) 2. 4 chordate characteristics in the adult stage 3. Oldest lineage of vertebrates 4. Marine suspension feeders

  6. Amphioxus

  7. D. Subphylum Urochordata 1. Ex: tunicates (sea squirts) 2. Enclosed in a tunic made of cellulose-like carbohydrate called tunicin 3. Larva have all 4 chordate characteristics 4. Adult retains gill slits only

  8. Tunicates (Sea Squirts)

  9. II. Concept 34.2: Craniates • Craniates are chordates that have a head A. Class Myxini • Ex: hagfish • Jawless fish • Skeleton of cartilage • Have a notochord • Lack vertebrae

  10. III. Concept 34.3: Subphylum Vertebrata A. Ex: vertebrates B. Characteristics: 1. 4 chordate characteristics 2. Cephalization and specialized brain 3. Endoskeleton of bone and/or cartilage 4. Vertebral column and skull which protects the brain (axial skeleton) 5. No more than 2 pairs of limbs with support (appendicular skeleton) 6. Kidneys

  11. 7. Separate sexes and usually sexual reproduction 8. Closed circulatory system, composed of a heart (2-4 chambers), arteries, veins, and capillaries 9. Red blood cells with hemoglobin C. Lampreys • Represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates • Jawless vertebrates • Have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord

  12. Lamprey

  13. IV. Concept 34.4: Gnathostomes • Jawed vertebrates • Diverse group that includes sharks and their relatives, ray-finned fishes, lobe-fins, amphibian, reptiles (including birds), and mammals • Have jaws that might have evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits

  14. A. Class Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous endoskeleton • Jaws • Ex: sharks, skates, rays

  15. B. Class Osteichthyes • Bony skeleton • Scales • Swim bladder • Ex: catfish, trout, bass

  16. Osteichthyes Anatomy

  17. V. Concept 34.5: Tetrapods that have limbs • Tetrapods(four feet) have some specific adaptations: -Four limbs, and feet with digits -Ears for detecting airborne sounds A. Class Amphibia • Amphibian means “two lives” • First vertebrates on land • Characteristics: • 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle) • respiration mainly cutaneous • gilled larva in most species 4. Frog exhibits change from aquatic larva to terrestrial 5. Includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts

  18. Frogs

  19. VI. Concept 34.6: Amniotes • Amniotesare a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals • Named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg, which contains membranes that protect the embryo • The extraembryonic membranes are the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois • Amion—encloses a fluid compartment that bathes the embryo and absorbs shock • Chorion, allantois, and yolk sac function in gas exchange, waste storage, and transfer of stored nutrients

  20. Amniote Egg

  21. A. Class Reptilia • Possess several adaptations for land existence • Includes turtles, lizards, and snakes, alligators and crocodiles, extinct dinosaurs and birds • Characteristics of turtles, lizards,snakes, alligators, crocodiles: • lungs for respiration • scales containing keratin • amnioteegg (amniotic fluid and shell) • 3 chambered heart (4 in some) • ectothermic(cold blooded) • lay eggs on land • internal fertilization

  22. Reptiles

  23. 4. Characteristics of birds (flying reptiles): • Lay amniotic eggs • Have keratin-containing scales on legs • Light, hollow bones • Few organs • Wings • Feathers • 4 chambered heart • Endotherms (warm blooded)

  24. Modifications for Flight

  25. Aves

  26. VII. Concept 34.7: Mammals A. Shared Characteristics of Mammals: -Mammary glands, which produce milk -Hair -A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size -Differentiated teeth -Four-chambered heart -Endothermic

  27. B. 3 Major Groups: 1. Monotremes(egg laying mammals) -no nipples, milk secreted onto fur from specialized glands -found in Australia and New Guinea -Ex: platypus

  28. Monotreme

  29. 2. Marsupials (pouched mammals) -viviparous with complete development in marsupium (maternal pouch) -Ex: opossums (only one outside Australian region), kangaroos, koalas 3. Placental Mammals (eutherians) -embryo develops within uterus and is joined to mother by placenta -Order of humans: Primates

  30. Marsupials

  31. C. Characteristics common to all primates 1. hands and feet that grasp (opposable thumb) 2. large brains and short jaws 3. forward-looking eyes 4. flat nails 5. well-developed parental care 6. complex social behavior D. Gorillas and chimpanzees are highly social. E. Apes have larger brains than monkeys and exhibit more adaptable behavior. F. Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees.

  32. VIII. Concept 34.8: Human Evolution A. Emergence of Humankind • The various human characteristics, such as upright posture and an enlarged brain, did not evolve in unison. • Some Major Features of Human Evolution • Increased brain volume • Shortenign of the jaw • Bipedal posture • Reduced size differences between the sexes • Changes in family structure B. Early Hominoids (Anthropoids) 1. Oldest fossils of apes are Aegyptopithecus“dawn ape” 2. Most anthropologists believe that humans and apes diverged from a common ancestor 4-5 million years ago

  33. C. Emergence of Humankind • The various human characteristics, such as upright posture and an enlarged brain, did not evolve in unison. • Some Major Features of Human Evolution • Increased brain volume • Jaw shape • Bipedal posture • Reduced size differences between the sexes • Changes in family structure .

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