Anatomy and Physiology: Introductory notes

1. Anatomy and Physiology: Introductory notes

2. Intro to Anat and PHys

3. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: • Branch of science that deals with the STRUCTURE of body parts, forms and organization • 4 Subcategories: • 1) Microscopic – cell/tissue study • 2) Gross – what you can SEE (w/out assistance) • 3) Pathological – study of germs, pathogens and how they affect body • 4) Developmental – embryonic development

4. Gross Microscopic

5. Developmental Pathological

6. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology • Physiology: • Branch of science that deals with the FUNCTIONS of body parts • Very closely associated with each other • Ex: human hand • Anatomy: bones, length, joints, nails, skin • Physiology: bones – attach to muscle; joints – muscle movement; skin – pathogen protection

7. Levels of Organization • Atom – smallest particle of an element with the properties of that element • Molecules – a particle composed of two or more joined atoms • Macromolecules – a large molecule made of many smaller molecules joined together (protein, nucleic acid, carb) • Organelles – part of a cell that performs a specific function • Cells – structural and functional unit of life

8. Levels of Organization • Tissue – a group of cells working together to perform the same function (ex: cardiac muscle) • Organ – a group of tissue working together to perform same function (ex: stomach, liver) • Organ/body systems – a group of organs working together to perform similar functions (ex: digestive, respiratory) • Organism/Individual – a group of body systems performing all functions needed to maintain homeostasis (ex: you!)

9. Levels of Organization

10. Intro to Human Body Systems

11. 11 Body Systems • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular/Circulatory • Lymphatic/Immune • Digestive • Respiratory • Urinary/Excretory • Reproductive

13. Integumentary • Includes: • Skin, accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) • Functions: • Regulate body temperature • Sensory reception • Synthesize products (lipids, proteins)

14. Skeletal • Includes: • Bones, ligaments, cartilage • Functions: • Provide support and protection • Muscle attachment • Produce blood cells

15. Muscular • Includes: • Muscle tissue (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) • Functions: • Provide forces that move body parts • Maintain posture • Source of heat

16. Nervous • Includes: • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes, ears, tongue/mouth, nose) • Functions: • Detect changes in environment • Cells communication • Receive and interpret signals from receptors

17. Endocrine • Includes: • Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pancreas, liver, ovary, testes, adrenal, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid • Functions: • Secrete hormones (chemical messengers)

18. Cardiovascular/Circulatory • Includes: • Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood, lungs • Functions: • Transport blood gases (O2 and CO2) • Transport nutrients • Transport hormones • Move wastes to excretory system

19. Lymphatic/Immune • Includes: • Lymph, nodes, thymus, spleen • Functions: • Transport body tissue fluid back to bloodstream • Carries fat away from digestive tract • Defend body against infection

20. Digestive • Includes: • Stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, mouth, teeth, pharynx, salivary glands, esophagus • Functions: • Breakdown food • Absorb nutrients • Send wastes to be excreted

21. Respiratory • Includes: • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Functions: • Exchange O2 and CO2 between blood and air

22. Urinary/Excretory • Includes: • Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra • Functions: • Removes wastes from blood • Helps body maintain water and salt balance • Produces, stores, excrete urine

23. Reproductive • Includes: • Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, urethra • Female: ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva • Functions: • Produce and maintain gamete sex cells • Transfer gametes to female (male’s system) • Support development of fetus (female’s system)

25. Living Organisms and their processes

26. Characteristics of Life • All life performs metabolism • Def – the sum total of all chemical reactions in a body (includes breakdown and synthesis of macromolecules) • 9 characteristics of life: • 1) Movement: • Ability to change positions or move internal organs • 2) Respond to stimuli: • Ability to react to change inside and outside of body • Respond to environmental (internal or external) conditions/stimuli

27. Characteristics of Life • 9 characteristics of life: • 3) Growth: • Increase in body size (without a change a shape) • 4) Reproduction: • Ability to reproduce new organisms and new sex cells (sperm and egg) • 5) Maintain homeostasis • Respiration, circulation, excretion, digestion, absorption • 6) Organization: • Body is organized into levels

28. Characteristics of Life • 9 characteristics of life: • 7) Assimilation: • Ability to change absorbed substances into different forms • 8) Evolution: • Ability for the species/population to evolve and adapt to environment • 9) Energy use: • Ability to use (and convert) energy into useable forms

29. Requirements of Living Organisms • 5 Requirements: • 1) Water – most abundant molecules, cells require an aqueous/water environment • 2) Food – provides nutrients, energy • 3) O2 – used to release energy from food • 4) Heat – energy form, determines - in part - the rate of most chemical reactions in body • 5) Pressure – important in maintaining homeostasis (circulation and respiration)

30. Homeostasis • Virtually all processes in the human body occur to maintain homeostasis • Def: an organism’s maintenance of a relatively constant internal state within set ranges. • Ex: • Temp – 98.6oF • Blood Pressure – 120/80, • Blood pH – 7.4 • Hydration – 60% water

31. Homeostasis • Homeostatic control mechanisms • This is HOW your body controls homeostasis • Three basic components: • 1) Sensor/Receptors: Provide info about specific conditions/stimuli in internal environment • 2) Integrator/Set point: what the value SHOULD be (ex: temp = 98.6oF) • 3) Effectors: cause bodily responses that alter conditions in the environment

33. Homeostasis • Uses feedback to respond to stimuli • Feedback is used to regulate: • Body temp, Blood pressure, Respiration, Digestion, Hormone secretion

34. Homeostasis • Negative feedback: • Def: correction of deviation, moves in opposite direction or reduces effector action • Most bodily processes operated by neg feedback • Ex: your body temp drops in response to cold weather, you shiver, this causes rapid muscle contractions – produces heat, body temp increases • Ex: thermostat set @ 68oF, your air conditioning is running all day, 68oF is reaches, air conditioner shuts off

36. Homeostasis • Positive feedback: • Def: amplifies or reinforces the change that is occurring • Very few normal positive feedback mechanisms in the human body • Ex: childbirth, blood clotting, sneeze • Can be very harmful, disastrous • Ex: cell cycle regulation (cancer and tumors) Feedback: In plain English!

37. We will be using these terms the REST OF THE SEMESTER! It is imperative that you learn them now – for GOOD!!! Anatomical Terminology

38. Body Positions

40. Directional Terms Table 1.1

41. Directional Terms Table 1.1 (continued)

42. Directional Terms Table 1.1 (continued)

43. Body Planes/Sections

44. Figure 1.13 pg. 15

45. Body Regions

46. Body Regions

47. Body Regions

48. Body Regions