Chapter 22 Notes- Human Geography of Southwest Asia

1. Chapter 22 Notes- Human Geography of Southwest Asia Religion, Politics, & Oil

2. Physical Geography • Modern Nations • Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen • Intersection of three continents • Africa, Asia and Europe • Location = Opportunities • Trade • Exchange of Culture and Religion

3. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula • Islam- based on the teachings of Muhammad. • Monotheistic • Mosque- place of worship • All Muslims (followers of Islam) perform the 5 pillars.

4. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula • 5 Pillars • 1. Faith (Iman or Shahadah)- no God but Allah, & Muhammad is messenger of Allah • 2. Prayer (Salah)- praying 5x’s per day towards Mecca • 3. Charity (Zakah)- giving money to the poor.

5. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula • 5 Pillars cont.- • 4. Fasting (Saum)- during month of Ramadan, do not eat or drink anything between sunrise & sunset. • 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj)- make pilgrimage to Mecca once during life.

6. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula • Theocratic- religious leaders control the government. • many of the governments in the region are this • Ayatollah- Muslim religious leader What modern nation in this region still has a theocratic government? Iran

7. Colonial Powers Take Control • End of 1600’s, leaders of Muslim nations were weak • Majority of Southwest Asia fell under British and French control • Valuable for 2 reasons • Suez Canal – a vital link between colonial holdings in the rest of Asia and European ports • Oil was discovered there after 1932 • Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Sand Era • Consolidated power over large areas of Arabian Peninsula • Arabian Gulf/parts of Yemen – 1920’s remain free • Area became known as Saudi Arabia in 1932

8. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula • OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- • Members set worldwide oil prices & production quotas • DON’T WRITE- Members include Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

9. Country Crude oil reserves(million barrels) Saudi Arabia 262,697 Iraq 112,500 Iran 99,080 United Arab Emirates 97,800 Kuwait 96,500 Which countries have the largest reserves of crude oil?

10. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula • Arabic Women- • Most cover themselves from head to toe in a burqa (Arabic covering) • Modesty & being covered is believed to be pleasing to Allah.

11. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean • 3 major religions were all started in Southwest Asia • Judaism, Christianity, & Islam • All 3 claim Jerusalem as a holy city.

12. Section 2:The Eastern Mediterranean • Jews- Jerusalem is holiest city • Holiest site- Western Wall (Wailing Wall) • Whole area is known as the Temple Mount • Temple Mount • First Temple built by King Solomon then destroyed • Temple rebuilt • Second Temple destroyed by the Romans • Only piece left standing is known as the Western Wall • No Jewish temple on site since 70 A.D.

13. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean • Christians cherish the land as the area where Jesus Christ was crucified & for the holy areas of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (where crucified) & Mount of the Olives.

14. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean • Islam claims Jerusalem as 3rd holiest city behind Mecca & Medina • Dome of the Rock- spot where Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven • AKA- Haram Ash-Sharif (Temple Mount) • Next to Western Wall • Site of frequent clashes between Muslims & Jews

15. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean • Ottoman Empire- Muslim based government, started in Turkey • Lasted from 1520-1922 (‘til end of WW1)

16. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean • Zionism- goal of the creation & support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine • After WW1 Britain controlled Palestine

17. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean • After WW2 world sentiment favored giving the Jews a national homeland. • May 14th, 1948 Israel was established. • Immediately Attacked • DON’T WRITE-Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, & Yemen attacked.

18. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- formed to regain the land for Arabs • Political & Military means used

19. Section 3: The Northeast • The Kurds- ethnic group in Southwestern Asia • Stateless nation • 5,000+ were gassed to death by Saddam Hussein’s army. • Saddam was executed for this

20. Section 3: The Northeast • Mesopotamia- many civilizations were started here in the “land between the rivers” (AKA The Fertile Crescent) • Sumer • Babylonia • Assyria • Chaldea • Hittites • Persia

21. Section 3: The Northeast • Two main branches of Islam • Sunni Muslim- 83% of all Muslims • Shi’ite Muslim

22. Section 3: The Northeast • Taliban- fundamentalist Muslim political group in Afghanistan

24. 1955 Afghanistan asks US for military ties, we say no • Afghanistan looks to USSR, • Pro-communist ideas were adopted into the gov. and a Communist Party was in place in Afghanistan

25. 1978 pro soviet groups called the PDPA staged a coup and installed their own puppet government

26. 1978 - New regime announces changes such as equal rights for women, land reforms and universal education.. • Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups)

27. 1979 Soviets invade

28. 1980 - Resistance to Soviet occupation forms in Afghanistan & Pakistan called the mujahideen or “holy warriors”, • US CIA begins to support these rebels with arms supplied through Pakistan

30. 10 long wasteful years of war in Afghanistan

31. UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan. Soviet Union, Pakistan, and the US

33. 1996 - various factions fight for control of the Afghan government, • Many ethnic warlords and leaders battle each other • Taliban group – take charge by bribing local warlords and making false promises

34. Taliban forces take the capital of Kabul and about 75% of the country • make massive changes • establish a very strict form of Islamic law

35. Brought major sweeping reforms, reforms against women

36. No television, music or movies No whistling or clapping No dancing No shorts No photography No smoking Men must have a beard and wear a head covering

37. Women: • No jobs, must stay at home • Must wear the burqa and be with a male relative outside the house • No schooling/education • No revealing ankles/ no white socks • No treatment by male doctors • No make-up or brightly colored clothes

38. No associating with male shopkeepers • No laughing loudly • No high heels • No driving • No riding bicycles • No washing clothes next to a river unless a male relative is present • Windows must be painted or covered

39. 9-11 Video Osama bin Laden