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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES. THE DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGES. Origins of Languages. Search goes back 1,000s of years DEEP RECONSTRUCTION – ??? working backwards to reconstruct extinct language. Language Diffusion. KEYS TO DIFFUSION???

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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES

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  1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYCHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES THE DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGES

  2. Origins of Languages • Search goes back 1,000s of years • DEEP RECONSTRUCTION – ??? • working backwards to reconstruct extinct language

  3. Language Diffusion • KEYS TO DIFFUSION??? • Writing, technology, & political organization • Indo-European languages spread during colonial period

  4. Language Diversification • Charted through SOUND SHIFTS – how a word changes form language to language • MILK = lacte in Latin latta in Italian leche in Spanish lait in French

  5. THE LANGUAGE TREE • INDO EUROPEAN gives us: Latin, Greek, Sanskirt • ROMANCE – Spanish, Italian, French • SLAVONIC – Russian, Ukranian, Polish, Czech, Slovak • GERMANIC – English, German, Dutch, Norwegian

  6. Language DIVERGENCE • Split Apart – basic process of language formation • Differentiation over time & space • Languages > Dialects + Isolation & Time = New Discrete Languages • Spanish & Portuguese

  7. Language CONVERGENCE • When long isolated languages make contact • Human mobility complicates things for linguists (expansion diffusion) • Maltese and English into Malta

  8. Relocation Diffusion (CH 2) – population physically moves. • How / Why Change Language??? • Go far – language likely will change somehow (rhythm, cadence, accent)

  9. Language REPLACEMENT • Languages of smaller, traditional, tech. less advanced people modified / overtaken by larger, tech. advanced invaders. • Assimilation!! • War/Disease

  10. THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DIFFUSION • Spreading of Proto-Indo-European language • Competing archeological evidence puts source areas in different places

  11. 1. Conquest Theory • In Ukraine Region N. of Black Sea • Spread W. on horseback conquering tribes

  12. 2. Agriculture Theory • 7,000 – 9,000 years ago • Agriculture, not Conquest that diffused the Indo European family • Source in Anatolia (Turkey)

  13. Conquest / Agriculture Theory in Book, p. 128

  14. Colin Renfrew Model • 3 separate source agricultural areas gave rise to 3 separate language families • Anatolia-Indo European • W. Fertile Crescent-Afro-Asiatic Languages • E. Fertile Crescent- Uralo-Altaic

  15. Greenberg Hypothesis • 3 families of indigenous languages in Americas • Amerind, Eskimo–Aleut, Na-Dene

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