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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES

Origins of Languages. Search goes back 1,000s of years

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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES

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    1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 CLASS NOTES THE DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGES

    2. Origins of Languages Search goes back 1,000s of years # of Language families greater in W. Hemisphere than in E. Hemisphere An anomaly not quite understood

    3. Language Diffusion Writing, technology, & political organization the keys Indo-European languages spread during colonial period

    4. Language Diversification Charted through SOUND SHIFTS – how a word changes form language to language MILK = lacte in Latin latta in Italian leche in Spanish lait in French DEEP RECONSTRUCTION – working backwards to reconstruct extinct language

    5. THE LANGUAGE TREE INDO EUROPEAN gives us: Latin, Greek, Sanskirt ROMANCE – Spanish, Italian, French SLAVONIC – Russian, Ukranian, Polish, Czech, Slovak GERMANIC – English, German, Dutch, Norwegian

    7. Language DIVERGENCE – basic process of language formation Differentiation over time & space Languages > Dialects + Isolation & Time = New Discrete Languages Spanish & Portuguese

    8. Language CONVERGENCE When long isolated languages make contact Human mobility complicates things for linguists (expansion diffusion)

    9. Languages also spread by Relocation Diffusion (CH 2) – population physically moves. Go far – language likely will change somehow (rhythm, cadence, accent)

    10. Language REPLACEMENT Languages of smaller, traditional, tech. less advanced people modified / overtaken by larger, tech. advanced invaders. Assimilation

    11. THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DIFFUSION Spreading of Proto-Indo-European language Competing archeological evidence puts source areas in different places

    12. 1. Conquest Theory In Ukraine Region N. of Black Sea Spread W. on horseback conquering tribes

    13. 2. Agriculture Theory 7,000 – 9,000 years ago Agriculture, not Conquest that diffused the Indo European family Source in Anatolia (Turkey)

    14. Agriculture Theory in Book, p. 128

    15. Colin Renfrew Model 3 separate source agricultural areas gave rise to 3 separate language families Anatolia W. Fertile Crescent E. Fertile Crescent Map p. 131

    17. Greenberg Hypothesis 3 families of indigenous languages in Americas Amerind, Eskimo – Aleut, Na-Dene

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