SOCIO - ECONOMIC FACTORS ENCOURAGING CRIMINALITY (Juvenile delinquency)

1. SOCIO - ECONOMIC FACTORS ENCOURAGING CRIMINALITY (Juvenile delinquency) Author: Zuljatuzović II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

2. Develop of international norms and standards • The UN Guide to Co-operation and Technical Assistance in the Area of Urban Crime Prevention (2002) establishes 6 interactive principles for successful crime prevention: • The first principle imposes the implementation of the rule of law, for which it is necessary to take appropriate educational, legal and administrative measures that need to be developed and implemented. Second, crime prevention should serve socioeconomic development and inclusion. Both of these principles provide the path to a successful crime prevention that does not depend on the suppression of crime by force, but depends on the fact that most societies choose a situation in which they support the laws and give birth to life in the rule of law culture. • Third, facts, not ideology must guide the prevention of crime. It must be based on strong empirical data on the extent of crime, phenomenology of crime and its geographical distribution. In order to achieve this, there must be institutional assistance and an effective system of collecting data about price and effects of actions and measures that are related and implemented. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

3. Fourth, crime prevention must be directed towards the community. The crime against crime must be fought at the local level with the immediate activity of the local population. Their insight and help/activity is protecting the community from moral distortion and physical degeneration and it is a visible symptom of the growth of crime. Although the prevention of crime can be theoretically dealt with, evidence of its effectiveness is mostly seen on the street. Sometimes it's enough to look around the city to see if prevention works or not. When there is an integrity of the community, that is, a strong community identity, citizens can take this as a starting point to organize crime prevention activities. • Fifth, governments, civil society and business world, should establish and improve mutual partnership. Because, everyone will profit from a business in a safe environment. • Sixth, crime prevention should be developed and promoted based on the principles of sustainability and accountability, through shared information and the involvement of the local community. In short, prevention as a renewable source must prove its usefulness through monitoring and evaluation. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

4. SOCIAL IMPACTS AND CRIMINALITY • Global structural inequalities result in massive deprivation of people, a general increase in insecurity and fear of loss of life chances and social marginalization. Characteristics of the society create one general milieu for the constant increase of various deviations, especially crime: - employment crisis; • - crises of material poverty and social inequalities; • - fear of "social decline" and fear of others; • - national crises; • - crises of social "exclusion" and "involvement"; • - crises in "culture"; • - crises of masculinity and "gender identity"; • - crises of family and parenthood. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

5. First and foremost, the fact is that deviations and crime are growing in periods of social crises, value turbulences, rising unemployment and poverty. • At the same time, they contribute to the indirect proliferation of criminal activities through rising social problems, among which poverty, unemployment, dysfunction and disorganization of many social institutions and services, as well as disorders of relationships, functions and family structure, have special weight and impact. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

6. POVERTY, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND CRIMINAL • The assessment of the importance of economic and macrosocial conditions is one of the most sensitive tasks of criminology, social work, social pedagogy and other fields that deal with the study of crime prevention and treatment of delinquents. The task is sensitive. • Economic factors are firstly interpreted differently, depending on whether their most important effect on people is seen directly or indirectly. On the one side it is assumed that unemployment, low material status and other forms of economic deprivation and social marginalization predominantly act directly, since they are in a significant positive relation with the slipping, the abandonment of street integration, the decline in the overall social and interpersonal tolerance, the weakening of the social organization, the decline in social capital and the decline in the authority of prosocial and non-violent values. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

7. Entering into crime, which sooner or later leads to violence, is also interpreted as a consequence of the absence of other real and legal options for survival. High competitiveness due to limited resources weakens altruism. • Rapid expansion of the grey economy has caused lasting social consequences, such as: • - creating large inequalities in individual categories of population and fostering accelerated social stratification or "equality in poverty"; • - irregularity of redistribution of income in society; • - social transfers that should protect the poorest deviate from the principles of social justice; II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

8. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY • According to the longitudinal analysis of juvenile crime and its causes in the countries of the European Union, the constant increase in juvenile crime in EU countries (and especially violence), as well as the increase in the use of alcohol and drugs, has been caused by factors of social unintegration of parts of the youth population into society and the disability of life opportunities that come from a low socioeconomic status. • When we are talking about juvenile crime, we can conclude that the lives of many young people who develop in poverty lead to social exclusion and marginalization. When social exclusion is long-lasting, it tends to develop a special value system - the so-called a culture of poverty or misery. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

9. The culture of poverty is distinguished by: • - the non-integration of marginalized people into the broader society; • - constant economic hardship; • - the orientation of life to the present, feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, dependence; • - glorifying male superiority; • - a strong predisposition to authoritarianism; • - frequent family conflicts; • - running from problems (eg, to alcohol), especially men. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

10. It is justifiable to set up scientific, moral and political questions that demand the answer: is youth crime one of the reactions to the social exclusion of large sections of the population of this age-social group in most contemporary societies? Can we regard crime and youth violence as one of the forms of social revolt? • Poverty and social inequality are strongly linked to juvenile crime. By losing economic chances, a man, as a rule, loses many others. Although it would be too much to explain violence and crime predominantly or only with this factor, its effect can not be excluded. • Unemployment is a milieu which is suitable for development of many forms of deviance because it creates in people feelings of hopelessness, lack of fulfillment of a creative nature, diminishes social activism and, it also disturbs other social roles besides working (eg. marriage, family, parental, etc.) II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

11. Prevention of juvenile delinquency is a key part of the prevention of crime in society (United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency: 11), and an adequate legislative framework implies: • * Adoption and implementation of special law and procedures in order to promote and protect the rights and well-being of all young people; • * Adoption and implementation of law based on the principles of diversion and restorative justice, with the aim of deterring young people from the formal system of criminal justice and resolving conflicts within the local community; • * Adopt and enforce law that prevent victimization, abuse, exploitation and use of children and young people for criminal activities; II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

12. *Passing and enforcing law in the sense of prohibiting cruel or degrading educational, disciplinary or punitive measures against children and young people in the family, school or any other institution; • * Adopt and implement adequate regulations for restricting and controlling the availability of weapons of every kind; • * Adoption and implementation of regulations aimed at protecting children and youth from drug addiction and narcotics traffickers; • * The establishment of independent institutions, such as the protector of the rights of the child, or the continuous training of certified professionals in the juvenile justice system, in order to be able to respond to the special needs of children and young people.

13. Thank you for attention!