Paris Peace Conference

1. Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Sevres- Ottoman Empire 1st attempt Ambi

2. Result of the First World War- Ottoman Empire introductory slide • By the end of the First World war the Allies occupied Istanbul and the Ottoman government had collapsed. • The Treaty of Sevres was planned by the Allies to divide the Ottoman territories which were left behind. • Mustafa Kemal (a successful Ottoman commander) discarded the terms which imposed at Sevres. • The Turkish War of Independence led the Allies to go back and re-negotiate before the treaty could be ratified. • The ending of the Ottoman Empire became essential in the formation of the ‘today’ Middle East.

3. Country it addresses • Which country did it address?The Ottoman Empire • What was it?The Treaty of Sevres was a peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of the First World War. • The treaty set the division of the Ottoman Empire in agreement among the Allies. • The treaty named the removal of the Ottoman Empire from Europe. • Who where the signatories?The signatories included Britain, France, Italy, and Japan and was signed on the 10th of August 1920 in Sevres, France. • The Straits of the Dardanelles were to be controlled by the allies • The kingdom of Hejaz established international identification, during the war becoming an independent state under Britain’s influence. • Saudi Arabia, and Armenia became independent. • The Treaty was never approved by the Ottoman empire . • It was canceled during the Turkish War of Independence .

4. Political outcomes What happens to the main country of this treaty? • The Ottoman Empire would have lost a great deal of territory by the terms of this treaty. • Arabs were now unwilling to accept the French rule in Syria, and were in arms against the British rule in Baghdad. • Turkey lost the rights to Sudan and Libya. • Mustafa Kemal succeeded in fighting for Turkish independence, which led the Allies to return to negotiating. • During the Turkish war of independence they successfully combated French and Greek forces and were able to secure territory. • In 1921 the Franco-Turkish war came to an end. • These events then forced the Allies to return and re-negotiate with the Turks in 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne which replaced the Treaty of Sevres and recovered great territory for the Turks.

5. Economic Outcomes What decision are made that affect the economy of this country? • The allies were now in control of the Empire’s finances. • The Ottoman ‘public debt’ was redesigned which included British, French, and Italian bond holders only. • The Ottoman Empire was also required to grant ‘freedom of transit’ in which when goods are passed through the territory they are to be free of all custom duties. • Future expansion of loans, the custom and tax system could not be set up without the Allies consent.

6. Military outcomes • The Ottoman Army was to be limited to 50, 000 men • The Ottoman navy were to have only six torpedo boats • The Ottoman State was forbidden from acquiring an air force

7. Who got what ? France, Greece, & Italy • Turkey was divided into a colony, • Syria and Lebanon were authorized (mandated) to France, • France gained Syria and some neighbouring parts of south-eastern Anatolia (Asia Minor), • Palestine, Trans Jordan, and Iraq were mandated to Britain, • Rhodes and Dodecanese were mandated to Italy, • The port city of Antalya , and Konya (Turkey) were declared Italian, • And Eastern Thrace, Adrianople, and Smyrna were given to Greece. • Greece expanded, and was granted territories (Turkish Aegean Islands) by the Treaty of Sevres. • What remained?The city of Constantinople and the northern and central parts of Asia Minor.

8. Assessments of the treaty • What Lloyd George thinks?He spoke of goodwill to the Middle Eastern people,He wanted to proceed with the welfare of the British EmpireHe also wanted control of British sea and land routes, and assurance that other powers wouldn’t be given important areas • What Clemenceau thinks?He wants compensation for the large amount of French troops which were loosed, The Allies signed and agreed that they would give France a share in Syria and southern Antolia,But he also wanted dominance over Turkey • Wilson ?He came with his 14 points

9. Turkey and the Treaty of Sevres • Like Germany, Turkey felt that their treaty was unfair and harsh. • Some time after the signing, Kemal their Turkish army general defeated the Greek army and forced them to give back the port of Smyrna. • The British were also in fear and so agreed to negotiate and adjust the treaty. • The treaty was too harsh and after 3 years it was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne, and the land near the Greek border was given back to Turkey.

10. MLA Sources • "Treaty of Sevres, 1920." (1996). The World War I Document Archive. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. <http://www.gwpda.org/versa/sevres1.html>. • "Treaty of Sevres (Allies-Turkey [1920]) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/536839/Treaty-of-Sevres>. • Plotke, Jane. "The Peace Treaty of Sèvres, 1920." HR-Net Home Page. 25 Sept. 1997. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. <http://www.hri.org/docs/sevres/>. • Reguer, Sara. "Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 5 Jan. 2011 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. • "Treaty of Sevres." Hellenica, Information about Greece and Cyprus, Michael Lahanas. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. <http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/History/TreatyOfSevres.html>.