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Chapter 1 Module 2

Chapter 1 Module 2. Research Strategies. Why do people take psychology?. Turn to your partner. Why did you sign up for Psych in the first place? Is it because you wanted to learn to analyze your dreams? Or mabey because you wanted to know if your friend had a crush on you.

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Chapter 1 Module 2

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  1. Chapter 1 Module 2 Research Strategies

  2. Why do people take psychology? • Turn to your partner. • Why did you sign up for Psych in the first place? • Is it because you wanted to learn to analyze your dreams? • Or mabey because you wanted to know if your friend had a crush on you.

  3. Research Methods • We would never fully understand the answers to these questions unless we used research. • Have you ever heard of any psychology related research from YV, Radio, Books or the internet?

  4. Common Sense • Common sense • Leaves us unsure of • The truth. Research • Helps us apply the • Principles • Appropriately in • Different situations. See Table 2.1 pg. 18

  5. Write this down • What are the advantages of research over other ways of knowing/learning Information?

  6. Bias • Bias occurs when any factor unfairly increases the likelihood that the researcher will reach a particular conclusion. • E.X. if your wearing headphones while studying your not actually learning anything

  7. Three ways we can lessen the impact of bias • Define the following: Confirmation (researcher) bias, Critical thinking and Participant bias.

  8. Participant Bias • Write this down. What is one of the best ways to minimize participant bias?

  9. Answer: Naturalistic observation • Researcher makes no attempt to control the setting.

  10. Case studies • Case study – a research technique in which one person in studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals.

  11. Case studies - Genie • Genie was an abused child who in 1970 was discovered after having spent most of her 13 year old life in isolation in California.

  12. Advantages and Disadvantages • Write down three advantages and three disadvantages of using case studies.

  13. On your own • Go online and find a new article about a person that has had either a stroke or Alzheimer's. • Write down 3 behaviours that we can deduce from the person with the disease of their brain. • This is the foundation of a case study

  14. Correlation • Think of how many times it’s useful to know the extent to which two variables are related. • 1. Whether or not a student wears headphones. • 2. Studying effectiveness.

  15. Correlation Cont. • See pg. 21 • If effectiveness of studying increases when students wear headphones and decreases when students do not wear headphones we can say the two variables are positively correlated.

  16. Positive (perfect and moderate) Correlation

  17. Correlation Cont. • But if studying decreases when students wear headphones and increases when they do not the variables are negatively correlated.

  18. Perfect and Moderate Negative Correlation

  19. Write this down • 5. What is a correlational study? • 6. In your notes, diagram and describe the types of correlation that can exist.

  20. Write this down • Read pg. 22 • Watch this • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNonyq1yhiE • 6. Why can we not conclude cause-and-effect relationships from correlational data?

  21. Surveys • A short questionnaire • But you must be sure that the results of your survey are relevant to the large group, known as the population, that interests you. To do this you must draw a random sample of an adequate number of individuals. • See fig. 2.4 on pg. 23

  22. Lets take a survey • Go to http://psych.hanover.edu/research/exponnet.html • Find a research survey that you would like to take. • Answer the next questions.

  23. Survey questions • 1.Name the study • 2. What was the purpose of the study? • 3. Was it descriptive, correlational or experimental • 4. Describe what it was like to be an online participant. • 5. What are three limits and three benefits of conducting online research? • 6. How did the researchers employ the proper ethical considerations.

  24. Write this down • Read pg. 23 • 1. Describe the difference between a population and a sample. • 2. What is a ‘random sample’ and why is it important that your sample be random? • 3. Explain why we should be wary of data obtained from surveys.

  25. Longitudinal studies • Longitudinal studies follow the same group of individuals for many years. Very expensive and time consuming, but provide rich data. • EX following children as they grow up

  26. cross sectional studies • Cross sectional – comparing people of different ages at one time. More efficient but greater number of variables to account for. • Are children more creative than adults? This could mean that people are less creative as they age. Or with the introduction of technology or headphones.

  27. Write this down • Read pg. 23 and 24 • 11. Define and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal and cross- • sectional studies.

  28. Experiments • Read pg. 24 • 12. What is the key advantage of using an experiment?

  29. Hypothesis – write this down • Read pg. 24 and 25 • Define: a) hypothesis; b) operational definition.

  30. Hypothesis and operational definition • http://list.moneysense.ca/rankings/best-places-to-live/2012/maps/Default.aspx?sp2=1&d1=a&sc1=0 • Best places to live in Canada. How do these researchers operationalize best? • Crime, weather, unemployment etc • If you don’t agree with the criteria then you would find the conclusions unacceptable.

  31. Independent and dependent variable • The variable that should cause something to happen is the Independent variable IV • The variable that should show the effect of the IV (or outcome) is the dependent variable (DV) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utNpSEEyMIU

  32. Which is the IV and DV?

  33. Write this down • Read pg. 25 and 26 • Differentiate between an independent and dependent variable in an experiment.

  34. Groups, random assignments and confounding variables • Experiment group will be all students who wear headphones and the control group all students who are not allowed to wear headphones. • Experimental group – exposed to treatment (IV) • Control group – not exposed to treatment

  35. Fig. 2.5 pg. 27 • Hypothesis • Students assigned to wear headphones in study hall will have higher than average grades at the end of the quarter than students banned from wearing headphones.

  36. Experiment and Control group • Read pg. 26 and 27 – Write this down • 1. What is the difference between the experimental group and the control group in anexperiment? • 3. Define ‘confounding variable’.

  37. Random assignment • We will collect from every student • Shoe size, height, favorite ice cream (Choc, Van or Straw) • Analyze individual results • Get into random groups. • Who is your favorite singer and why? • Collect same info • Compare data • Random assignment helps to limit the effect of individual differences.

  38. Write this down. • Pg. 26 • What is random assignment and why is it important in an experiment?

  39. Confounding variables • What was the confounding variable?

  40. How do you control for more than one confounding variable? • Double blind procedure and placebo. • Blind • When one is blind you cannot see the world. In a blind experiment the subjects are unaware if they are in the control or experiment group. • In double blind, two different groups of people-the experimenters and the subject are unaware of what group the subjects are in.

  41. Double Blind • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSP2OMiFxhg

  42. Placebo • A nonactive substance of condition that may be administered instead of a drug to see if the drug has an effect beyond the expectations produced by taking it. Usually a sugar pill • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfRVCaA5o18

  43. Write this down. • Read pg. 28 and 29 • Explain how the double blind procedure and placebos help control for confoundingvariables.

  44. statistics • To determine the statistical significance between variables we must ask ourselves three questions. • 1. how big is the difference between the groups? • 2. how uniform are the results between two groups? • 3. how many participants in each group?

  45. Write this down • Describe the role of statistics in the experimental method.

  46. Replication • Replication helps us know that our results apply in a variety of circumstances.

  47. Ethics – write down your answers • Read pg. 31-33 • 1. Summarize the four ethical principles that must guide human research. • 2. Explain why researchers sometimes use animals in their research. • 3. What guidelines are in place to protect animals used in research?

  48. Quiz • Read pg. 34-35 • Write down answers to quiz in your book on pg. 36-37 • Check your answers.

  49. Check your answers. • MC • 1-C, 2-A, 3-A, 4-D,5-C, 6-C, 7-B, 8-D • Matching • A-(7), B-(1), C-(10), D-(9), E-(2), F-(4), G-(12) • Fill in the blank • 10-counfounding variable, 11- sample, 12-scientific method, 13-naturalistic observation.

  50. Essay Question • The primary difference between experiments and correlations is that experiments seek to determine a cause and effect relationship while correlations do not. In both variables are compared yet the conclusions that are drawn from each one are different. • Correlations describe a relationship between variables and experiments manipulate one variable to coax another variable to occur.

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