Violence and Suffering Persist in the new Republic of China

1. Violence and Suffering Persist in the new Republic of China p. 405 Sun Yixian (Sun YatSen)

2. EC: The “two evils” kept China from progress in the 1920s: • Warlord uprisings • Foreign imperialism

3. Republic • Under Sun Yixian, China became a republic in 1912. • EC: The Republic of China had three goals that looked impossible to achieve: • Nationalism • Democracy • Economic security for everyone

4. EC: warlords • Powerful men raised private armies, (2) • taking control of the local economies, • defying the government in Peking (Beijing.) • These warlords’ armies fought each other. • How did they treat the local people? (2) • stole from peasants • abused innocent peasants.

5. Japanese Pressure • After WWI, Japan gained more lands in East Asia from Germany and Russia. • Japan moved in on China. • Twenty One Demands: • 1915, Japan forced/offered an agreement that would make China a protectorate of Japan. • China resisted on only a few points, and Japan gained more power over it.

6. Chinese nationalists grew angrier • May Fourth Movement: • 1919, students in Peking protested the government’s weakness with the foreigners. • They and other intellectuals demanded changes: • EC: Strengthen China: (2) • Reject Confucian traditions • Learn from the West • EC: Women took part in the movement: (2) • access for women to jobs • access for women to education

7. Reformers sought to end foot-binding….. • A practice done by families of any property and wealth, even lower class families. • Foot was deliberately deformed from infancy into late childhood by parents. • Claimed to romantically pleasing/fashionable. • Actually a way to ensure immobility of women as wives, almost guaranteeing all children will be the husbands’. • Being foot-bound increased the chances of marrying into a wealthier family…..

8. Vanguard: • the elite or first leaders of a new movement. • Early Chinese communists were students and military officers.

9. The Soviet Union sent Bolshevik agents to China • Lenin started the _________ to spread Communist Revolution globally • Comintern (Communist International) • They helped Chinese communists plan to: (4) • develop their party, • spread their ideas, • gain supporters, • overthrow the government.

10. Sun Yixian was still active by 1921. • His party moved the capital to Nanjing, southern China • Guomindang: • The Chinese Nationalist Party. • EC: It had several goals: (3) • Raise an army • Defeat the warlords • Unite China under one government

11. EC: Most peasants hated the Guomindang troops: (4) • Demanded information and support • Seized food • Raped women • Seized or stole other property/money

12. Allies against Japanese Invasion, 1930s • China, represented by Jiang and the Guomindang, got foreign help— (3) • The Soviet Union sent advisors and equipment • Hitler’s Germany sold it weapons and uniforms. • economic support came from Britain, France, and the United States. • American volunteers flew American planes for the Chinese Air Force.

13. EC: Sun’s dictatorial successor. • Yuan Shikai. • Instead of being democratic, Yuan took control, attempting to be the new emperor. • Yuan died in 1916. • the country was divided and chaotic.

14. Chaos • In the 1920s and early 1930s, many parts of China were in famine as the armies had taken all the food. • Some people turned to banditry. • The national economy and security collapsed. • EC: During and after World War I, fewer of the imperialist nations ran larger parts of China (4) • Britain • France • United States • Japan

15. Help for Sun • Sun hoped that the Western imperialists would help, but they would not. • EC: Sun turned to the ________ for help. • Soviet Union • EC: The Soviet leader, _______, agreed, but only if _________ (3) • Lenin • Sun allowed Chinese communists to be part of his government. • Sun agreed.

16. Standards Check, p. 406 • How did warlord uprisings and foreign imperialism lead to the May Fourth Movement? • May Fourth Movement, 1919 • The warlord uprisings weakened China • Japan made moves further into China • Chinese were angry at their weak government.

17. Sun died in 1925, • _______________________ took control of the Guomindang • Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) • Jiang was a corrupt dictator, • He continued the effort to gain total control of the country.

18. 1926 • By 1926, Jiang had defeated all the warlords. • Jiang was jealous of ________________ growth. • Communist Party • In 1927, Jiang kicked them out of the government. • He ordered his troops to slaughter them in Shanghai. • They defended themselves, but were on the run. • This started the 22-year long • Chinese Civil War.

19. A Rising Leader • A young, ex-peasant, _________, was one of the surviving Communists. • Mao Zedong, • He became a leader as they reorganized. • He believed that there was not enough proletariat (industrial/office workers) in China to gain supporters. • He wanted to recruit from the large peasant population.

20. Comparing Viewpoints, 407 • Who does each person think should lead China? • Jiang: • Government should have one strong leader, (himself) • Mao: • Government should be run by the peasant masses

21. Communist Tact • During the civil war, Mao made sure Communist troops…. (3) • paid people for food and supplies • offered help to rebuild • Gave medical treatment to peasants. • Communists settled in Southeast China and raised a new force. • They had many recruits from anti-Guomindang people.

22. Standards Check, p. 407 • How did the Communists manage to survive Jiang’s “extermination campaigns”? • The Long March…. • Communists retreated from Guomindang to remote northern China • Used guerrilla tactics to survive.

23. Map Skills, 408 • 2 What natural features made the Long March difficult? • Rivers, mountains • 3 Describe the relationship between the Guomindang and the Communists. • The Guomindang joined forces with the Communists to fight….. • Warlords • The Japanese • Otherwise, the Guomindang continued to try to destroy the Communists and mistreat the people.

24. EC: Japan’s Aggression-- • 1931: • Took control of Manchuria. • 1937: • attacks China • Jiang Jieshi had to fight two wars. (2) • the Communists • The Japanese • Japan was successful in taking many parts of northeast and east China.

25. Uneasy Alliance • Some in the Guomindang made Jiang do the unthinkable to fight Japan: • they wanted him to join forces with the Communists as a united front. • He did, but neither side trusted the other.

26. Japanese Atrocities • Japanese troops committed savage atrocities against areas that resisted them. • The most notable was the “Rape of _______”. • Nanjing • Japanese troops, could not find Chinese soldiers who were dressed as civilians, • They went after everyone in the city: • Shooting • Bayoneting • Raping, torturing, and murdering • Over 200,000 people died, and more wounded, in two days.

27. Civil War on Hold • The Guomindang and Communists stopped fighting to join and fight Japan. • EC: It would erupt again when Japan is defeated in what year? • 1945.

28. Standards Check, p. 409 • How did the Japanese invasion help unify the Chinese temporarily? • The Japanese threatened all Chinese, whether they were Communist or Guomindang. • Causing them to unite.