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Exploring Glycolysis: Cellular Energy Harvesting Process

Delve into the ancient pathway of Glycolysis, understanding its significance in energy transfer from organic molecules to ATP. Discover how this foundational process forms the basis of cellular respiration, its stages, and outcomes, including ATP generation and the fate of pyruvate. Gain insights into the evolutionary perspective of Glycolysis and its relevance across all living cells.

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Exploring Glycolysis: Cellular Energy Harvesting Process

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  1. Module 4Respiration 1.4.3. Glycolysis

  2. Learning Objectives Success Criteria • To understand Glycolysis • State that Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm (Grade D) • State that during aerobi c respiration in animals pyruvate is actively pumped into mitochondria (Grade C) • Outline the process of Glycolysis (Grade B/A)

  3. Evolutionary perspective Prokaryotes • first cells had no organelles Anaerobic atmosphere • life on Earth first evolved withoutfree oxygen (O2) in atmosphere • energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2 Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern life • ALL cells still utilize glycolysis

  4. glucose      pyruvate 6C 3C 2x Glycolysis - occurs in cytoplasm Breaking down glucose “Glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar) Ancient pathway which harvests energy • where energy transfer first evolved • transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP • still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration but it’s inefficient • generate only2 ATP for every 1 glucose That’s not enoughATP for me!

  5. GLYCOLYSIS (carbohydrate splitting) • First stage of aerobic respiration & anaerobic respiration. • Doesn’t need O2 – so this stage is anaerobic! • Occurs in the cytoplasm of all living cells

  6. Glycolysis - phosphorylation • The first stage actually begins by phosphorylating glucose to hexose 1,6-bisphosphate. • Each glucose uses 2 molecules of ATP

  7. Glycolysis - phosphorylation Glucose ATP ADP Glucose 6 phosphate Fructose 6 phosphate ATP ADP Fructose 1,6-bisphospahte

  8. Glycolysis - lysis • This stage involves the breaking of the hexose bisphosphate into two triose phosphate molecules. • The triose phosphate is an intermediate in many biochemical reactions. • The phosphate group allows the sugar to form stronger interaction with the next enzyme in the pathway.

  9. Glycolysis – oxidation/ATP formation • Each Triose phosphate is oxidised to a 3 carbon molecule called Pyruvate • Each Triose Phosphate has hydrogen removed (oxidation) to reduce one NAD+ to NADH + H+ • Each Triose Phosphate adds a phosphate to ADP reducing this to ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) Note that each Triose phosphate releases enough energy for the formation of two ATP

  10. Summary of glycolysis • Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. • It does not require oxygen. • The hexose sugar (glucose) is converted into two 3C atoms compounds called pyruvate. • Two ATP are consumed but four are produced making a net gain of 2 ATP • Two NADH + H+ are produced which will yield more ATP when they are transferred to the mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation. • Yield: 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+

  11. The first stage of respiration: glycolysis

  12. NAD+ + 2H  NADH + H+(oxidised form ) (reduced form) NB Rather then write NADH, examiners often simply refer to it as reduced NAD or reduced coenzyme Glycolysis Glycogen You start with glycogen. 2 ATP 4 ATP 4 ADP + 4Pi Triose -phosphate (3C x 2) Pyruvate (3C x2) Glucose (6C) 2H x 2 NAD Reduced NAD 2 ADP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide = So it gains electrons You finish with Pyruvate Why is Glycolysis termed anaerobic? What is the NET production of ATP?

  13. The sums • The end products of glycolysis are pyruvate and reduced NAD • Energy is released during this reaction. • 4 molecules of ADP + Pi converted to 4 molecules of ATP. • So net gain of 2 molecules of ATP • 2 pairs of hydrogen atoms produced • 2 Molecules of pyruvate.

  14. Products of Glycolysis • 2 reduced NAD (NADH + H+) • 2 Pyruvate • 2 ATP

  15. The Fate of Pyruvate! THIS DEPENDS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN!!!

  16. Task • Complete exam questions (SA)

  17. Plenary Make list of what is needed for glycolysis and what is produced Explain where oxidation occurs and substrate level phosphorylation

  18. Learning Objectives Success Criteria • To understand Glycolysis • State that Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm (Grade D) • State that during aerobi c respiration in animals pyruvate is actively pumped into mitochondria (Grade C) • Outline the process of Glycolysis (Grade B/A)

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