ALIEN ENCOUNTERS: EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS

1. ALIEN ENCOUNTERS: EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS CHAPTER ONE (20-51)

2. COLUMBUS’S GREAT TRIUMPH – AND ERROR What was Columbus trying to accomplish? Why? Spices… Fruits and vegetables… Perfumes… Cloth… Steel…

4. SPAIN’S AMERICAN EMPIRE The Treaty of Tordesillas – 1493, Pope Alexander VI divided the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal Spain got the Americas, except Brazil, and Portugal got everything else – what a deal! The gold and other resources powered Spain’s empire for many years – by 1700, Spain was master over all of South America except Brazil, and the southern portion of North America – an area 10 times the size of Spain itself

5. SPAIN’S AMERICAN EMPIRE Spain’s famous “explorers” in the 1500’s: Nunez discovered the Pacific Ocean Cortes subdued the Aztecs in Mexico Magellan sailed around the world in 3 years Pizarro subdued the Incas in Peru De Soto went into Florida Coronado went into the southwest of the US ALL inflicted heavy losses on the Indians…

7. DISEASE AND POPULATION LOSSES The most potent weapon brought by the Europeans to the Americas: DISEASE Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, yellow fever, malaria, typhoid After Columbus set foot in the Americas, the Indian population shrank dramatically – by the millions

8. ECOLOGICAL IMPERIALISM The Columbian Exchange: Along with diseases other things changed location - Weeds, pigs, cattle, horses, rats went west Potatoes, melons, corn, & syphilis went east While Indian populations died – 7% to 1% of the world’s population, European populations exploded – from 11% to 20%

9. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Spurred by what was increasingly seen as corruption in the Catholic Church The extravagance of the Papal court The selling of indulgences Disagreements about doctrinal issues The concentration of power in the church

10. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Political changes The German princes stopped payments to Rome and seized church property Swiss cities established independence from Catholic kings Francis I of France established control over France’s clergy Henry the VIII of England completely separated and created the Anglican Church

12. ENGLISH BEGINNINGS IN AMERICA Joint-stock companies Precursor to modern corporations Still seeking easier passage to China or India Martin Frobisher sought a northwest passage Queen Elizabeth I Secretly supported these companies because she did not want war with Spain Francis Drake Humphrey Gilbert – 1583 - Newfoundland

14. ENGLISH BEGINNINGS IN AMERICA Walter Raleigh Sent several expeditions to North America Named Virginia after his queen 1585 settled 100 men at Roanoke Island - they returned home the next year 1587 sent more, including women and children – by 1590 they were missing Spanish Armada – the English fleet broke Spain’s monopoly of the seas

16. ENGLISH BEGINNINGS IN AMERICA Richard Hakluyt 1584 - Discourse on Western Planting Create a few bases from which to intercept Spanish treasure ships Spread the Protestant religion Create new markets for English goods Increase tax revenues Harvest valuable naval stores Create an outlet for the poor English youth

18. THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA Jamestown, Virginia, 1607 Set in a swamp but easily defended Too late to put a crop in the ground Poor leadership Too many “gentlemen” and servants More than half died that first winter The company pushed them to seek gold They were to seek a water route to China

20. THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA John Smith Soldier of fortune in Eastern Europe Recognized that building homes and raising food should be the priority Each year many died from starvation, disease, Indian attack, and sheer stupidity Only stayed two years, but probably saved the colony Requested plain soldiers and farmers, fishermen, carpenters, and other workers, rather than “knights”

22. THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA Tobacco Tobacco became what saved the colonists John Rolfe introduced a better type tobacco He also married Pocahontas Powhatan Indians Showed them how to grow corn and yams Were exploited by the colonists 1606-1622 – 6000 settlers, only 1500 alive in 1624

24. “PURIFYING” THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND Elizabeth I once and for all established Anglicanism “Puritans” wanted to purify the Anglican Church Emphasized Scripture Believed in “predestination” - all are damned by Adam’s sin, thus their actions on earth did not affect their salvation “Arminianism” – teaching that one’s actions could alter God’s decision about their fate James 1 (1603-1625) had the Bible translated in 1611

25. BRADFORD AND PLYMOUTH COLONY Motivated by religious separatists – The Pilgrims 1620 they set out on the Mayflower Intending to go to the Hudson River, they ended up on Cape Cod Bay, and stayed The Mayflower Compact – a document drawn up by the people, claiming to be free of all governmental control, that outlined the basic rules chosen by its members Squanto – spoke English, showed them how to plant and survive, celebrated the first thanksgiving

27. WINTHROP AND MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY 1630 – many puritans were now leaving because of active persecution under Charles 1 Founded Boston The Great Migration – 10,000 puritans arrive within 10 years The colonists created a legislature called the General Court – limited participation to male church members John Winthrop was elected governor

28. TROUBLEMAKERS: ROGER WILLIAMS AND ANNE HUTCHINSON Williams became a minister in Salem in 1635 He opposed the alliance between church and state Religious libertarianism It was a sin not to purchase the land from the Indians Williams was forced out, founded Rhode Island Much more religiously tolerant Much more democratic Church and state separated

29. TROUBLEMAKERS: ROGER WILLIAMS AND ANNE HUTCHINSON Hutchinson was a midwife with 15 children of her own! She taught that those who possessed God’s grace were exempt from any laws - antinomianism If anyone had doubts about their salvation, they were probably lost She claimed to be receiving divine insights directly from God She was banished and ended up in Rhode Island

30. OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Hartford, Connecticut – 1636 Fundamental Orders – 1639 – resembled the Massachusetts system, but voting was not limited to church members Several other towns were established in the area Became a single colony in 1662

31. PEQUOT WAR AND KING PHILIP’S WAR Two major Indian uprisings in the 1600’s – the colonists won both, often with the help of other Indians 1630’s – Pequot Indians fight back against the steady stream of settlers – in 1637, they burned a Pequot village with 400 inhabitants 1670’s – Metacom resisted by force of arms and killed over 1000 puritans – about 4000 Indians were killed

32. MARYLAND AND THE CAROLINAS Colonization was getting easier Lord Baltimore was given Maryland – he wanted to set up a Catholic colony, but were outnumbered by Protestants Toleration Act (1649) granted religious freedom to any who “Professed Jesus Christ” 1670 – Carolina – The Fundamental Constitutions Proprietors, landgraves, caciques, leet-men Charles Town vs. Albemarle Formally separated in 1712 as N. and S. Carolina

33. FRENCH AND DUTCH SETTLEMENTS The French occupied Eastern Canada, but soon built forts from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico By 1700, only 15,000 French settlers (250,000 English) Most were traders for furs – trading metal tools, woolen cloth, and alcohol French-Algonquian vs. English-Iroquois Small Dutch settlements (New York)

34. THE MIDDLE COLONIES 1664 – English soldiers capture the Dutch colony, it becomes New York 1674 – Quakers move to New jersey Quakers believed in divine communication The doctrine of the Inner Light – distrusted the intellect in spiritual matters Concessions and Agreements of 1677 – granted the right to trial by jury, freedom of conscience, autonomous legislature, and other rights

35. THE MIDDLE COLONIES William Penn Quaker missionary Given title to what became Pennsylvania by Charles II, paying off a debt to Penn’s father Founded Philadelphia in 1682 Freedom of worship granted to anyone who believed in “one Almighty and Eternal God” Pennsylvania Dutch By 1700, 18,000 settlers Produced wheat, corn, rye and other crops

38. CULTURAL COLLISIONS Religious practices Authority styles – Kinship vs. Power Personal property Farming Land ownership Warfare Technology “It is very easy to make an Indian out of a white man, but you cannot make a white man out of an Indian”