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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 資訊技術應用 Session 6

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 資訊技術應用 Session 6. OUTLINE Logistics Review revised schedule Concept review (O) Ch2 & (L)Ch5: computer H/W terminology review. (Focus on terminology ) Computer categories & their generations/appl Computer system config.

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 資訊技術應用 Session 6

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  1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT資訊技術應用 Session 6 OUTLINE • Logistics • Review revised schedule • Concept review • (O) Ch2 & (L)Ch5: computer H/W terminology review. (Focus on terminology) • Computer categories & their generations/appl • Computer system config. • Centralized vs de-centralized / Client-server config / NC • Computer systems & components • Trends in H/W. Sheu

  2. Computer categories & their generations • by computing power/size: (micro - mid range - mainframe) (fg 2.1) supercomputer/mainframe/mini(work station)/micro/portable/NB/palm-top • by usage: generic vs specific (embedded system) (eg: inventory counting/car rental) • by comp relationship: network server vs client; workstation; host vs device; • by generations: 1st - 5th gen (fg 2.2) Sheu

  3. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSSome examples (by history) • SUPERCOMPUTER • MAINFRAME • MINICOMPUTER • WORKSTATION • PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) Sheu

  4. MAINFRAME • LARGEST COMPUTER; several cabinets • 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM • Typical applications: • COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS • COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS ; computation intensive • transaction-based, heavy-duty data processing, • large # of users; large amount of data Sheu

  5. MINICOMPUTER • MIDDLE-RANGE; single cabinet • 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM • Typical applications: • UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS • USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME • Engineering applications, .. Sheu

  6. MICROCOMPUTER & Laptops • DESKTOP OR PORTABLE • 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM • AFFORDABLE • Typical appl: • PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS • CAN BE NETWORKED • office appl., personal use, .. • Desk-top/Lap-top/Portable * 5.26 Sheu

  7. WORKSTATION • DESKTOP COMPUTER • POWERFUL GRAPHICS • EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES • MULTI-TASKING • USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS) • Typical appl: • Engineering / technical computation * Sheu

  8. SUPERCOMPUTER • HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED • COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS • FASTEST & multiple CPUs • STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS • EXPENSIVE • Parallel computation (H/W & S/W) • Typical appl: • LARGE SIMULATIONS (eg.: Nuclear explosion) • Extremely computation intensive • (Weather / image processing, etc.) Sheu

  9. COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS (VLSI):1980- PRESENT ULSI (Ultra Large-scale) 5. ??? Sheu

  10. Commonsense Measures • BIT /BYTE/WORD • EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) • ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) MEMORY SIZE • KILOBYTE (KT): 210 bytes... 1024 bytes • MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... “million” bytes • GIGABYTE (GB): 210 MB... “billion” bytes • TERABYTES (TB): 210 GB... “trillion” bytes COMPUTER TIME Millisecond10-3 second Microsecond10-6 second Nanosecond 10-9 second Picosecond10-12 second Sheu

  11. CLIENT SERVER REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES CLIENT / SERVER • NETWORKED COMPUTERS • CLIENT:user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have • SERVER:component (computer) having desired data, application, communications Sheu

  12. CENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZED • CENTRALIZED:PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE • ONE STANDARD • GREATER CONTROL • DECENTRALIZED:PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS • MORE FLEXIBILITY • FASTER RESPONSE NETWORK COMPUTERS • NETWORK COMPUTER:simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server) Sheu

  13. Computer systems & components • The system relationship: • Input / processing / Output / storage / control (fg 2.9) • CPU & peripheral • Components • CPU: • Primary Storage • Where your program & data must reside before program is run. • RAM / ROM / EPROM /EEPROM • Peripherals • all I/O devices and secondary storage devices. Online devices under CPU control. Sheu

  14. PRIMARY STORAGE CPU INPUT DEVICES COMPUTER COMPONENTS DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE Sheu

  15. MICROPROCESSOR VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU • WORD LENGTH:bits processed at one time • MEGAHERTZ:one million cycles per second • DATA BUS WIDTH:bits moved between CPU & other devices • Bandwidth: Speed of data transmission. • REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING(RISC):embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed • MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applications • MIPS: Million Instruction Per Second Sheu

  16. EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORS => Clock-less computer (asynchronous vs synchronous) Sheu

  17. TYPES OF MEMORY • RAM :Random Access Memory • Dynamic: Changes thru processing • Static: Remains constant (power on) • ROM :Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) • PROM: Program can be changed once • EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light • EEPROM: Electrically erasable • Mask ROM • Volatile vs Non-volatile • Flash memory Sheu

  18. Program Program TASK 1 RESULT CPU CPU CPU CPU TASK 1 TASK 2 TASK 3 RESULT Program TASK 2 RESULT CPU SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL • vs. Multi-tasking. (Is it really true ?) Sheu

  19. SECONDARY STORAGE • DISK • TAPE • OPTICAL STORAGE Sheu

  20. DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5 DISK PACK STORAGE • LARGE SYSTEMS • RELIABLE STORAGE • LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA • QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE • TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS • CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES READ/WRITE HEADS CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) Sheu

  21. TRACKS AND SECTORS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA TRACKS START OF TRACKS SECTOR DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 Sheu

  22. OPTICAL STORAGE • CD-ROM:500-660 MEGABYTES • LAND: flat parts of disk surface reflects light • PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light • WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): • CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable • CD-RW: CD - Rewritable • DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data Sheu

  23. MAGNETIC TAPE or CARTRIDGE • STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES • SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) • RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block) • GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP • RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME • USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS • INEXPENSIVE HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3 Sheu

  24. PERIPHERAL DEVICES • POINTING DEVICES • SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION • OUTPUT DEVICES • POINTING DEVICES • KEYBOARD • MOUSE • WIRED • INFRA-RED • TRACKBALL • TOUCH PAD • JOYSTICK • TOUCH SCREEN Sheu

  25. SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION • OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):saves characters, format • BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments • MAGNETIC INK CHARACTERRECOGNITION (MICR):special ink identifies bank, account, amount • PEN-BASED INPUT:digitizes signature • DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images & characters into digital form • VOICE INPUT DEVICES:converts spoken word into digital form • SENSORS: devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) Sheu

  26. OUTPUT DEVICES & DATA PROCESSING OUTPUT DEVICES • CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) • PRINTER • Impact: dot matrix, line printer • Non-impact: laser, inkjet • PLOTTER • VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE • MULTIMEDIA DATA PROCESSING • BATCH PROCESSING:transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. • ON-LINE PROCESSING:transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. Sheu

  27. Additional Basic Terms • FLOPS/MIPS • CD/HD/FD • dump terminal vs intelligent terminal • Fault tolerant capability • Disk shadowing • Disk array Sheu

  28. Trends • faster / cheaper / smaller (MICROMINIATURIZATION) / more reliable / easier UI • INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA • VIRTUAL REALITY • ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB • SUPERCHIPS • FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS • MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS • SMART CARDS • Fig. 2.15; Fig. 2.24. Sheu

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