COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE JC Harambearachchi

1. COMPUTER ARCHITECTUREJC Harambearachchi

2. Recommended Text1 Computer Organization and Architecture by William Stallings 2 Structured Computer OrganisationAndrew S. Tanenbaum

3. A Computer is • A programmable machine. It can execute or run a pre-recorded list of instructions which follow certain rules (a program). • Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors , and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.

4. fig computer • Input process output

5. Computer System • Hardware • Software • OS • Application SW • Live ware

6. What are basic operations of a Computer? 1 input operation 2 processing operation-cpu 3 storage operation-primary / secondry 4 output operation 5 Communication operations

7. Components of a Computer System • Computer hardware provides the physical mechanisms to process, store, and input /output data. Includes CPU, memory, I/O devices • Software provides instructions to tell the hardware what tasks to perform. It includes system (eg Windows XP) and application (eg Excel) software Data in the computer may be representing numbers, characters, graphics etc but is always kept in a form that the hardware and software can manipulate.

8. What are the major Hardware components of the computer ? • central processing unit • primary memory • secondary storage • input devices • output devices • communications devices • I/O cards • System Bus

9. Input Hardware • Keyboard pic • mouse

10. Process and memory Hardware • cpu pic • Memory chips pic • Motherboard pic

11. Storage Hardware • Hard drive • Floppy • Cd/dvd

12. output Hardware • Monitor • Speaker • Printer • Video card • Sound card

13. Communication Hardware • Modems pic

14. Software • System Software • Windows pic • Linux pic • Device drivers • Application softwaere • Word • Exel • ppt

15. Application Software types • Entertainment • PERSONAL • Education • Productivty • Specality • Word processing pic • Spread sheets • Database • Ppt • Quicken microsoft money

16. Application Software types • Drawing • Web page desin • cad

18. Block Diagram of a Computer Main Memory CPU IO Modules IOD IOD IOD

19. Computer Hardware

20. 1 Hardware- the CPU • CPU performs actual processing of data, according to instructions from programs. • Data and programs are stored in primary and secondary memory, and moved to and from CPU as required. • Signals representing data and instructions travel between system components along electronic pathways, called buses. Capacity of bus is critical to system performance.

21. Central Processing Unit ( CPU) • Acting as the brain of the computer’ • Currently the Intel-Pentium microprocessor is the most common CPU though there are many types

22. Hardware - The Processor • The CPU is a general purpose processor that performs data manipulation and/or transformation functions including computations, comparisons and data movement. • The CPU consists of 3 main parts: • ALU - where arithmetic and logical operations performed • Control Unit - controls data movement and execution of instructions • Registers - small high speed storage areas

23. Components of a computer system

24. Computer Hardware

25. 2 Hardware - memory • Memory - Purpose of memory is data storage. Two major types of memory : • Primary memory - to hold data and instructions during processing • eg RAM. Relatively limited capacity and volatile • Secondary memory - to provide permanent long term storage • eg hard disk. High capacity and non-volatile

26. Main Memory (RAM) • Different from disk storage • used to temporarily store Data • in modern computers memory is 512 MB.

27. Hardware- memory • Digital computers deal with data in binary form - all data is represented using just two digits - 1 or 0. Letters and other symbols are assigned unique binary codes. • Primary memory consists of a set of locations defined by sequentially numbered addresses. Each location contains a binary number that can be interpreted as data or an instruction.

28. 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 • Memory locations are called words. Words are 8 bits (one byte) in size, or a multiple of 8. Common word sizes are 16, 32 and 64 bits. Memory locations, using an 8 bit word

29. Hardware - memory • Memory is commonly measured in multiples of bits and bytes. 1 bit = 1 binary digit (0 or 1). • 1 byte = 8 bits • 1KB = 1024 bytes = 210 • 1MB = 1024 KB= 220 • 1GB = 1024 MB = 230 • 1TB = 1024 GB = 240

30. Hardware - memory • Secondary storage consists of non-volatile high-capacity devices to store programs and data not currently required by CPU. • Hard and floppy disks, and tapes store data as magnetized spots. • CD’s and DVD’s store data as pits or surface marks detectable by laser light.

31. 3 Hardware – I/O • Input Devices collect & translate raw data into form useable by computer. e.g keyboard accepts letters and numbers and converts them to a binary code such as Unicode. • Output devices produce results in useable form for user (or another device). e.g. monitor converts binary codes to characters and images, whilst modem converts digital data to analog form for transmission over telephone lines.

32. Hardware – I/O Peripherals 1 Input Devices • Mouse • Keyboard 2 Output Devices • Monitor (VDU) • Printer 3 Secondary Storage Devices • Hard Disk • CD / DVD / Floppy

33. I/O Hardware

34. 4 Hardware - I/O Modules • Interface between System Bus and other Peripherals • example • Sound cards • Video cards • Network cards • PCI cards

35. 5 Hardware - System Bus • series of electronic path ways and connecting other components of the computer.

36. Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines

37. Structure - The CPU CPU Arithmetic and Login Unit Computer Registers I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Memory Control Unit

38. Types of computers • Personal Computer • Microprocessor • Mini computer • Main frame • Super computer

39. Types of computers • supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. • IBM ASCI pic • mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. • Banks air lines vp2400 pic • Work stations minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. • Designing , movies , Sun ws pic • Microcomputers personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. • Desktop PC pic • Notebook pc (laptop) • PDAs palmtops • Microcontrollers embeded computers

40. Server and client

41. What are Computer Ports ? • Connection point • examples • Serial port (Com) • Parallel Port • USB port • Ethernet Port

42. Basic concepts - communication • Most modern computers no longer operate in isolation - they connect to other computers via modem or a network. • To enable this communication, specialized hardware and software must be added to computers. • In combination with other devices such as telephones, cabling, satellites, microwaves etc. , a communications network is created

43. What are Major functions of a Computer? 1 Data processing 2 Data storage 3 Data movement 4 Control

44. Data Storage Facility Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Processing Facility Functional view

45. Data Storage Facility Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Processing Facility Operations (1) • Data movement • e.g. keyboard to screen

46. Data Storage Facility Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Processing Facility Operations (2) • Storage • e.g. Internet download to disk

47. Data Storage Facility Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Processing Facility Operation (3) • Processing from/to storage • e.g. updating bank statement

48. Data Storage Facility Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Processing Facility Operation (4) • Processing from storage to I/O • e.g. printing a bank statement