Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West , 1789–1900

1. CHAPTER 24 QUIT Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900 Chapter Overview Time Line Latin American Peoples Win Independence 1 SECTION Revolutions Disrupt Europe 2 SECTION Patterns of Change: Nationalism 3 SECTION MAP GRAPH Revolutions in the Arts 4 SECTION Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 24 Chapter Overview HOME Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900 During the first half of the century, Romantic idealism and nationalism spark revolutions in Latin America and Europe. Latin Americans succeed in throwing off colonial rule. However, revolutions throughout Europe fail to achieve their goals.

3. CHAPTER 24 1900 1789 HOME Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900 Time Line 1804Haiti wins freedom from France. 1830Greece gains independence. 1861Russia frees peasants. 1871Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser of united Germany. 1810Padre Hidalgo issues Grito de Dolores, calling for Mexican independence. 1848Revolts shake Europe. 1870Italy unites.

4. 1 HOME Latin American Peoples Win Independence Key Idea A slave revolt in Haiti leads to independence from French rule. Freedom from colonial rule is achieved throughout Latin America, but independence does not bring unity and prosperity as some liberators had hoped. Overview Assessment

5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Latin American Peoples Win Independence Overview •peninsulares •creoles •mulattos •Simón Bolívar •José de San Martín •Miguel Hidalgo •José Morelos WHY IT MATTERS NOW Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought colonial rule. Sixteen of today’s Latin American nations gained their independence at this time. Assessment

6. 1 1 Section Assessment Where? Who rebelled? Why? What happened? Haiti Spanish South America Mexico Brazil HOME Latin American Peoples Win Independence 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare independence movements in Latin America. Slaves Freedom Independence Creoles Freedom Independence Native Americans and mestizos/creoles Slavery Independence Creoles and royal family End colonial rule Independence continued . . .

7. 1 HOME Latin American Peoples Win Independence 1 Section Assessment 2. Think about the background of many creole revolutionaries. What do you think might have been their tendencies as government leaders: toward democracy or authoritarianism? Explain your answer.THINK ABOUT •their education •their professions •their economic interests ANSWER Democracy—With their education, skills, and economic interests, creoles might become democratic leaders. Authoritarianism—As military officers, creoles might use weapons instead of elections to resolve political disputes. Possible Responses: continued . . .

8. 1 HOME Latin American Peoples Win Independence 1 Section Assessment 3. Consider the following statement: “Through its policies, Spain gave up its right to rule in South America.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Did Spain ever have the right to rule? THINK ABOUT •Spanish colonial society •why independence movements arose •who gained the power that Spain lost ANSWER Agree—Spain oppressed people in Latin America, so Spain deserved to lose its colonies. Disagree—Spain ruled its colonies by accepted European standards. Possible Responses: End of Section 1

9. 2 HOME Revolutions Disrupt Europe Key Idea The forces of nationalism bring revolutions in Europe. With the exception of Greece, most revolutions fail, and by mid-century most of Europe returns to authoritarian rule. Overview Assessment

10. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Revolutions Disrupt Europe Overview •conservatives •liberals •radicals •nationalism •nation-state •the Balkans • Louis-Napoleon •Alexander II WHY IT MATTERS NOW Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe. The system of nation-states established in Europe during this period continues today. Assessment

11. 2 2 Section Assessment 1830 1821 • Belgians declare independence from the Dutch. • Italians try to unite. • Poles rebel against Russia. Revolts against the Old Order • French throw out Charles X. 1848 • Hungarians call for self-government • French demand democratic government. • Liberals revolt in the German states. • Czechs demand independence for Bohemia. HOME Revolutions Disrupt Europe 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major uprisings that challenged the old order of Europe in 1821, in 1830, and in 1848. • Greece rebels against Ottoman Turks. continued . . .

12. 2 HOME Revolutions Disrupt Europe 2 Section Assessment 2. Why do you think some liberals might disapprove of the way Louis-Napoleon ruled France after the uprisings of 1848? THINK ABOUT •who the liberals were and what they believed in •conditions in France in 1848 •Louis-Napoleon’s actions and policies ANSWER Liberals wanted to give power to parliaments, but Louis-Napoleon declared himself sole ruler. Possible Response: End of Section 2

13. 3 PATTERNS OF CHANGE HOME Nationalism CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany MAP GRAPH Key Idea The idea of nationalism eventually causes the breakup of the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman empires. Italy is united through the efforts of Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour. Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck succeeds in uniting and strengthening Germany. Overview Assessment

14. PATTERNS OF CHANGE TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Nationalism 3 CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany MAP GRAPH Overview •Camillo di Cavour •Giuseppe Garibaldi •Red Shirts •Otto von Bismarck •realpolitik •kaiser WHY IT MATTERS NOW The force of nationalism contributed to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe. Nationalism is the basis of world politics today and has often caused conflicts and wars. Assessment

15. 3 PATTERNS OF CHANGE 1800 1900 1815 Congress of Vienna 1830 Greece wins independence from Ottomans. 1848 Revolts throughout Europe 1861 Victor Emmanuel II declared king of Italy. 1870 Franco-Prussian War 1871 William I crowned kaiser of new German Empire. 1866 Seven Weeks’ War between Prussia and Austria HOME Nationalism CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany MAP GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the development of independent nation-states in Europe. continued . . .

16. 3 PATTERNS OF CHANGE HOME Nationalism CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany MAP GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 2. Read the quotation from Bismarck’s “blood and iron” speech. How would you say his approach to settling political issues differed from the approach of liberals? THINK ABOUT •the goals of liberals •the meaning of the phrase “blood and iron” •Bismarck’s goals and how he attained them ANSWER • Liberals wanted government by elected parliaments—issues would be settled by majority decisions. • Bismarck preferred to settle issues by “blood and iron”—the blood of soldiers and the iron of weapons (or military equipment). Possible Responses: continued . . .

17. 3 PATTERNS OF CHANGE HOME Nationalism CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany MAP GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 3. How might Cavour and Garibaldi have criticized each other as contributors to Italian unity? THINK ABOUT •the personalities of the two men •methods used by Cavour and Garibaldi to winItalian unity ANSWER Cavour might have criticized Garibaldi for being an impractical idealist who was unable to lead a unified country. Garibaldi might have criticized Cavour for being a cold-hearted opportunist who was more interested in power than in a unified Italy. Possible Response: End of Section 3

18. 4 HOME Revolutions in the Arts Key Idea During the first half of the 1800s, the Romantic movement in art, literature, and music arises in reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment. By mid-century, writers and artists shift to Realism in response to the harsh realities of the Industrial Age. Overview Assessment

19. 4 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Revolutions in the Arts Overview •romanticism •realism •impressionism WHY IT MATTERS NOW Artistic and intellectual movements both reflected and fueled changes in Europe during the 1800s. Romanticism and realism continue to dominate the novels, dramas, and films produced today. Assessment

20. 4 Movement Description Social conditions Artists Romanticism Realism Impressionism HOME Revolutions in the Arts 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Contrast romanticism, realism, and impressionism. For each movement, provide a brief description, the social conditions that each reflects, and representative artists. Emotional approach Common people in heroic fight against tyranny Byron, Beethoven, Victor Hugo Objective approach Everyday working people and the problems of Industrial Age Balzac, Zola, Dickens, Courbet Using light and color to catch the fleeting moment A more positive view of urban, industrialized society Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir continued . . .

21. 4 HOME Revolutions in the Arts 4 Section Assessment 2.  How might a realist novel bring about changes in society? Describe the steps by which this might happen. THINK ABOUT •the conditions described in realist novels •who reads realist novels •how political change takes place ANSWER Realist novels often describe unhealthy conditions in factories or neighborhoods. They also focus on the suffering of workers. Sympathetic readers might connect the fictional conditions with actual conditions. News reporters might then investigate. Voters might complain to local politicians, who would introduce legislation. Possible Response: End of Section 4