Student name: Palash Kanti Haldar Student ID: MDS 121512

1. Community Practices for Rice Farming Adaptation: A Study on Cyclone ‘Aila’ Affected South-west Region of Bangladesh Student name: Palash Kanti Haldar Student ID: MDS 121512 Supervised by Md. Firoz Ahmed Assistant Professor, Economics Discipline Khulna University.

2. Introduction • 1.1 Background of the study: • Rice is the food of Bangladesh. The percentage of rice in value is more than 60% of the total crop agriculture (Sarker and Alam, 2012). We know that livelihoods of coastal people dominated by agriculture, agriculture related work, aquaculture, etc. • Exposed coast of Bangladesh is characterized by multiple hazards and now climate change impacts has added as new issue. • Rabbaniet al. (2013) discussed a number of rapid-onset and slow-onset events that effect rice production and related livelihoods focusing cyclone ‘Aila’ impacts. • Several literatures focused on different rice, non-rice crops adaptations and strategies for coastal saline soil management. • Like main factors of production other management practices and social issues determine the production of rice. • This study would identify learned copping practices of rice farmers in response to big hazard on considering Cyclone ‘Aila” impacts and also determine its roles in rice production.

3. Introduction……………Cont’d. • 1.2 Objectives of the study: • To identify learned community based practices of coastal rice farming communities to regain production in response to natural hazards like cyclone ‘Aila’ impacts. • To estimate the impacts of different adaptation options including local practices on coastal rice production or yield • 1.3 Research questions: • What types of natural hazards embraced rice farmers in study areas? • What are the factors helped coastal rice farming communities to regain rice production in response to natural hazards like cyclone Aila? • What types of community based adaptations the rice farming communities learned from cyclone ‘Aila’ response initiatives. • How different community based copping strategies influence rice production function in study locations.

4. Chapter Two Literature review 2.1 Introduction This chapter has a focus on the role of agriculture i.e., rice cultivation to rural economy and employment; natural hazards including climatic variability affect rice cultivation; how local knowledge, practices, adaptation options and other factors help rice and crop agriculture based livelihoods. The technical efficiency and inefficiency in rice production. 2.2 Crop based livelihood in coastal areas and rural economy: Agriculture is one of the drivers of growth of Bangladesh economy. Agriculture accounts for 20.24% gross domestic product (GDP), and almost 48.1% of the labor force depends on agriculture for employment (BBS, 2010). Saadatand Islam (2011) identified livelihoods of coastal people dominated by agriculture, aquaculture, forestry, etc. Coastal livelihood is largely dependent on agricultural crops, mainly on rice cultivation. Coastal regions contribute 16% of the total rice production on the country (FPMU, 2008). In coastal district Amanrice as dominant crop, covering about 70% of the rice cropped area.

5. Literature review……………Cont’d. • 2.3 Crop agriculture and coastal hazards: • Islam and Ahmed (2004) mentioned the livelihoods of coastal people are often influenced by different coastal conditions. Rashid and Islam (2007) identified draughts, floods, soil salinity and cyclones as the major extreme climatic events that have affected agricultural production adversely. CCC (2009) reported a numbers of rapid- and slow-onset events that effect rice production and related livelihoods. • Cyclone Ailawas one of the events hit south-western coastal region on 25 May 2009 and caused huge damages for 3.9 m. people (Islam et al., 2009). • 2.4 Post cyclone responses and adaptations to natural hazards: • Different hazards have profound impacts on the lives and livelihood of coastal community. Alam and Collins (2010), Paul and Routray (2010) and others have mentioned about the pre, during and post disaster responses. Ali(1999), Mondal et al. (2006), CEGIS (2008), CCC (2009), Asaduzzaman(2010), Sattarand Abedin (2012), Rabbaniet al. (2013) and Rashid et al. (2014) and others have mentioned about different adaptation options for crop agriculture. • These literatures identified different local practices and adaptation for crop agriculture including rice farming but didn’t focus on the learning from the copping strategies in response to longer term impacts of big disaster rather focused on immediate response and anticipated actions against future hazards.

6. Literature review……………Cont’d. • 2.5 Local practices as determinant of production for coastal rice farmers: • Most of the study had focused on farm production function of bororice. Different literatures have focused on relationship between climate change and environmental factors on rice production (Sarker et. al., 2012; Rimi et. al., 2009). There are some literatures have estimated technical efficiency in farm production in Bangladesh that identified technical inefficiency among farmers (Basak et al., 2010; Khan et al., 2011; Haider at al., 2011; Backman et al., 2011; Hossain et al., 2012). • Besides some international level studies have been conducted on the efficiency of different explanatory variables and management factors on rice production (Fuwa et al., 2006; Idiong, 2007; Balde et al., 2014). • Though there are little focus has been paid on different land management techniques, access to service provider, selection of varieties and experiences on farm practices in Bangladesh (Fuwaet al., 2007; Baldeet al., 2014). • Though adaptation options and local practices are very importantly geographical location and social system oriented as well as very spatially differentiated in coastal environment. • The study has been conducted to determine technical efficiency of different local practices and adaptation options upon focusing coastal rice production.

7. Chapter Three Methodology 3.1 Introduction This chapter is a representation of methodology in brief, study area information, data collection methods, explanation of variables and analytical framework of surveyed data and collected information. • 3.2 Research tropic selection • Most of the studies have focused on anticipated copping strategies and adaptation options considering increase trend and frequency of hazards. Though the cyclone ‘Aila’ was a category-1 type of cyclone but induced surged that brought tremendous damages of physical, social and environmental resources and further increasing of soil and water salinity, long term tidal inundation and uprooted all livelihood options, etc. • The aged old people didn’t notice such type of damages in their lives in these areas. • However, to regain usual livelihoods the community tested numbers of options in different aspects. So the community have learned how to cope with such huge loss and damage that could be learning for other for preparedness.

8. Methodology………….Cont,d • 3.3 Selection of study areas: • The study was carried out in three studies villages namely 4 no Koyra village of Koyra sadar union, Jileghata village of North Betkashi union and Moharajpur village of Moharajpur union under Koyra upazila of Khulna district. • The study was conducted in between June to August 2014.

9. Methodology………….Cont,d • 3.4 Sampling unit and Sampling: • Those are involved with rice cultivation in studied villages were considered as sampling units. • Two types of units have been considered for the study, like those cultivate rice in alleviated (raised) land and those cultivate rice in plain land. • Total 120 households were targeted from 3 villages counting 40 households from each of village from three unions. • Though purposive sampling process was followed to select study unions considering the intensity of hazards. Households were selected following snowball sampling technique for every village. • Total 120 HHs were surveyed of which 60 HHs cultivated rice on alleviated (raised) land and other 60 HHs cultivated rice in plain ‘beel’ land. • 3.5 Questionnaire design and field test • To conduct the study and collect primary information a questionnaire was developed based on community consultation, information from secondary literatures and based on author work experiences in the study location. Besides, field test for questionnaire was practiced several spots before finalize the questionnaire. • A focus group discussion (FGD) guideline was followed to conduct 3 FGDs.

10. Methodology………….Cont,d • 3.6 Sources of data and data collection method: • Both primary and secondary data were collected by following quantitative and qualitative method of data collection. • 3.6.1 Primary data collection • Primary data has been collected by using household questionnaire survey and following focus group discussions as mentioned below. • 3.6.1.a Household questionnaire survey • This questionnaire had helped to get primary data and information from studied households.   • 3.6.1.b Focus group discussion (FGD) • FGDs were conducted in presence of 8-10 community people from each location. Total 3 FGDs were conducted in three studied villages. • 3.6.2 Secondary data collection • The secondary data were collected from published different documents using internet search, published relevant paper available in seminar library, personal communication with Government upazila level office, Koyra.

11. 3.7 Data analysis and preparation of research report • The data obtained were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The collected data were processed and written by using the computer program like MS Word, MS Excel and SPSS. • Initially descriptive statistics have been used for data processing. To obtain descriptive statistics mean, median, standard deviation, frequency distribution and ranking etc. have been considered. • A correlation has been drawn between the process data from two categories of farmers (alleviated land and beel land). • The report of this study is analyzed and written by following different analytical framework like likert scale, Cobb- Douglas production functions, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) analysis and frontier 4.1 package (Coelli, 1994) (if possible) for categories copping strategies and to find the share of inputs variables to rice production. • Preparation of research report: Initially the author developed a draft research report and then the final research paper is prepared and submitted to concern authority following the guidance of supervisor.

12. 3.7.1 Analytical framework of likert scale: • For data processing and analysis likert scale was considered. To prioritize potential factors that played import roles to post response work and come back to the rice farmers to rice based livelihood system. • Prioritize and weighing of different coping strategies and practices that is helping to vibrant their rice production in that hazardous condition. • HHs practices for adapting rice farming estimation by likert-type scale;

13. 3.7.2 Empirical model In this study an empirical model i.e., Cobb-Douglas production function was used. Because, the function has been widely used in agricultural studies for it’s simplicity (Bhujel and Ghimire, 2006). The model specified was: Yi = β0X1β2X2β2X3 β3X4 β4X5 β5X6 β6 D1β7 D2β8D3β9D4β10D5β11D6β12D7β13µ------(1) Where, In = Natural logarithm; Yi=Production of Aman rice (Mound); β0 = Intercept; X1=Area of rice (Decimal); X2=Human labour (Man days), X3 = Seed/seedling (kg); X4 = Urea Fertilizer (Kg), X5=TSP fertilizer and other (Kg); X6 = Pesticide (Tk.); D1 = land types (1 for alleviated land and 0 for beel land), D2= Yield potential of rice (1=HYV and 0 for traditional); etcβ1 – β13= Elasticity of coefficients, µ= Error term Above model can be estimated by using Ordinary Least Square Model (OLS) method. The Cobb-DauglassProduction Function was transfer into log-linear form as: InYi = β0 + β1In (X1) + β2In (X2) + β3In (X3) + β4In (X4) + β5In (X5) + β6In (X6) + β7In (D1) + β8In (D2)+ β9In (D3)+ β10In (D4)+ β11In (D5)+ β12In (D6)+β13In (D7) µ---------(2) The values of the input coefficients imply their contribution to the production of Aman rice or the coefficients are the level of determinant to Aman rice production.

14. 3.7.3 List of variables: Dependable variables: Yi=Production of Aman rice (Mound) and β0 = Intercept; Independent or explanatory variables: X1=Area of rice (Decimal); X2=Human labour (Man days) X3= Seed/seedling (kg); X4 = Urea Fertilizer (Kg) X5=TSP fertilizer and other (Kg); X6 = Pesticide (Tk.) D1 = land types (1 for alleviated land and 0 for beel land) D2= Yield potential of rice (1=HYV and 0 for traditional) D3= Salt tolerant rice varieties (Yes=1 and otherwise=0) D4= Use of storage rain water in pond or ditches (Yes=1 and otherwise=0) D5= Duration of rice cultivated in the field (Shorter =1 and otherwise=0) D6= Cooperation with service providers (Yes=1 and otherwise=0) D7= Knowledge and skill (Good enough=1 and otherwise=0) β1– β13= Elasticity of coefficients and µ= Error term

15. Thanks to all