History of Design 1/30/2006

1. History of Design1/30/2006 Group 1 Nolan Tarkington Casey Candelaria Matthew Burmester Daniel Bridgers

2. Topics to be Covered • Product Design and Manufacture: Chapter 1 • History of Design • Process • Evolution • Examples of different styles of design

3. Primitive Egypt Greece Rome Vikings Gothic Renaissance 18th Century Colonial 19th Century Arts and Crafts Art Nouveau De Stijl Bauhaus Modern Design Styles of Design

4. The Primitive • First records of human design and innovation. • Designs used to carry out everyday activities and to better life. • Used simple materials such as wood, stone, and bone. Arrowhead – Fashioned from stone or other hard material. Used for hunting.

5. Egyptians (ca. 4000 – 300 B.C.) • Influenced later civilizations’ designs. • New construction techniques such as the dovetail and dowel. • Innovation on tools such as the bow lathe and bow drill. Pyramids at Giza – Ancient burial structures for Egyptian kings. They have a unique design on their structure as well as their construction.

6. Greece (ca. 450 – 404B.C.) • Influenced architecture and design of buildings. • Expanded concepts of Math and Science. • Bronze was incorporated into the materials for design and manufacture. The Acropolis – Many temples built in one area in Ancient Greece. Many of them considered architectural masterpieces of the time.

7. Rome (ca. 600 B.C. – 400 A.D.) • Influenced by the Greeks with their own added touches. • Roman motifs in design later influenced rigid Gothic design. The Coliseum – Built in 80 A.D. as an entertainment center for Rome, it has been restored for future generations as an architectural masterpiece.

8. Vikings (800 – 1000 A.D.) • Designs were often needed to adapt to surroundings and environment. • Designs very different to Greek and Roman designs. Viking Ship - Very important to travel and communication. Offered evidence of the Vikings’ ability to design both technically and artistically.

9. Gothic (1100-1500) • Church played dominant role • Typically Discouraged Individualism • Centered in France • Variety of pointed arches • Design was focused vertically Gothic Church Very tall and narrow (vertical) Many pointed arches

10. Renaissance (1400 – 1700) • Marked transition from medieval to modern • Began in Italy • Used large amounts of Greek and Roman Carvings • Rejection of Gothic style • Went away from vertical design • Artists worked on everything from furniture to armor Renaissance Style Chair Wooden carvings

11. Baroque Style • Occurred within Renaissance • Period of greater artistic freedom • Formal and Stately Baroque Style Door Increased decoration

12. 18th Century • Golden Age of Furniture • Georgian Group • Chippendale carvings, occasional sacrifice of comfort for style • Hepplewhite known for oval and shield backs on chairs • Sheraton known for many straight perpendicular lines • Provincial Style • Mostly French • Known for absence of intricate detail

13. 18th Century Examples Chippendale Style Carved decorations Appearance over comfort Hepplewhite Style Common use of shield shaped back

14. More 18th Century Examples Sheraton Style Straight perpendicular lines Provincial Style No intricate decoration

15. Colonial • Early colonists carried European building styles and techniques to America. • Early colonial design has no definitive style because of the melding of so many cultures. • Over time Colonial style emerged out of restrictions in materials and time. It was practical, sturdy, yet seldom unattractive “salt box” style house inspired by Flemish design “cape cod” style house inspired by English design

16. Windsor style chair Shaker style chair

17. 19th Century • Age of the industrial revolution • More people have more money and time which allow them to be concerned with fashion and design. • Mass production of furniture begins. • Manufactures began to go “wild” with extravagant ornamentation and as time moved on designers began to grow dissatisfied with the absurdity of the current styles. Chair by Duncan Phyfe, one of Americas 1st great Furniture designers.

19. Contemporary Design • Came as a reaction to the opulence of 19th century design. • Products designed from a standpoint of function, materials, and appearance. • Four contemporary movements that shaped modern design: • Arts and Crafts • Art Nouveau • De Stijl • Bauhaus Example of Art Nouveau design. Arts and Crafts style chair

20. De Stijl design Signature Bauhaus design piece

21. Arts and Crafts • Reaction to low quality, machine made items. • Begun by the Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Company, Fine Art Workmen in Painting, Carving, Furniture and Metals who stressed workmanship and hand crafting. • Failed to force a total return to hand made, but had far reaching effects. Examples of Mission Style design

23. Art Nouveau (New Art) • Starting in the turn of the 20th century Art Nouveau was the first conscious attempt to develop a non-historical style of art and architecture. • Considered the “anti-movement” of historical style, Art Nouveau flourished in France and Belgium but never succeeded as a permanent style in design. • Designers Associated with the movement • Gaillard, Van de Velde, Guimard, Mackintosh and Tiffany.

24. Examples of Art Nouveau Furniture by Eugene Gaillard

25. Examples of Art Nouveau Chairs by Van de Velde on left and Mackintosh on right

26. Examples of Art Nouveau Example of a Peacock Vase by Tiffany

27. De Stijl (The Style) • Starting in Holland during the First World War there were three distinct principals associated with De Stijl: • Form  Rectangle was predominant • Composition  Occult or asymmetric balance • Color  The colors red blue and yellow were most common Painting by Van der Leck

28. De Stijl (The Style) • Starting in Holland during the First World War there were three distinct principals associated with De Stijl: • Form  Rectangle was predominant • Composition  Occult or asymmetric balance • Color  The colors red, blue and yellow were most common Building designed by J. J. P. Oud

29. Bauhaus (Building House) Bauhaus was an organization founded in Germany in 1919 by Walter Gropius. The organization was a school with the intention of creating forms symbolizing the Machine Age that would unify art and technology.

30. The Bauhaus Program Bauhaus existed from 1919 to 1933 and students were taught the basics of form theory all the way up to building and design experience with courses ranging in duration from 6 months to over 3 years.

31. The Bauhaus Program Bauhaus existed from 1919 to 1933 and students were taught the basics of form theory all the way up to building and design experience with courses ranging in duration from 6 months to over 3 years.

32. The Bauhaus Program Bauhaus existed from 1919 to 1933 and students were taught the basics of form theory all the way up to building and design experience with courses ranging in duration from 6 months to over 3 years.

33. Modern Design • There is a general set of accepted guideline principals for modern design: • Production materials should be used honestly, taking full advantage of their unique attributes and never making them seem to what they are not. • Products should be functional, useful and expressive of their intended purposes. • Products should incorporate the latest advances in material science, computer applications and process technology, and extract the most from those that are traditional and familiar. • Products should be derived from new combinations of form, color and texture to enhance both their functions and appearances. • Products should be expressions of the prevailing aesthetic of our age. • Products should express the techniques used to make them, not disguising machine production as simulated handcrafting or camouflaging integral elements such as fasteners. • Products should be devoid of unnecessary or extraneous decoration or embellishment.

34. Modern Design

35. Review • Primitive • Egyptian • Grecian • Roman • Vikings • Gothic • Renaissance • 18th Century • Colonial • 19th Century • Arts and Crafts • Art Nouveau • De Stijl • Bauhaus • Modern Design

36. References • Product Design and Manufacture by John R. Lindbeck. Prentice-Hall, 1995 • http://www.latribunedelart.com/Expositions_2004/Gaillard_-_Chambre.JPG • http://www.qdesign.co.nz/designhist_artnou.html • http://perso.wanadoo.fr/artnouveau/en/nature.htm • http://www.holland.com/us/whatson/events/mondrian.html • http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.2000/Umberger/MATH7210/SymmArch/Translational/Translational.html • http://www.zakros.com/mica/emacF03/Bauhaus.jpeg • http://www.mworx.at/photo/architect.htm • http://www.kmtspace.com/kmt/bauhaus2.htm • http://www.importedfurnishings.com/ • http://www.moderncollections.com/index.asp • www.stokely.org/200206-germany/page7.htmlmijnposter.nl/thumbs/trefwoord.html • http://www.brights-interiors.com/Media/ShieldbackChairs.jpg

37. References (cont.) • http://www.rpi.edu/~turcoj/Timeline/Art%20History/ • http://naturecoast.com/hobby/bil518.htm • http://www.gafurniturereproductions.com/inventory/WVCZ40.htm • http://rencodesign.com/html/chairs_exec.html • http://www.chipstone.org/publications/1994AF/Hechscher94/1994HP22.html • http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21101/00/lk01a105.jpg • http://www.fossilmall.com/assets.arrowhead.jpg • http://www.fuhsd.net/schools/fhs/teachers/lzastrow/images/ancient%20rome/rome%20colosseum.jpg • http://www.b4ubuild.com/photos/misc/houses_019.html • http://www.amherstmuseum.org/saltbox.htm • http://www.artisticlicense.org/members/zito/12.html • http://www.harveyclar.com/archive/year_2005/july2005/na_furniture_a.html • http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/destijl/decstijl.htm • http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phla/hd_phla.htm • http://www.pegrack.com/catalog.php?item=129&ret=index.php