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Alarm Phase: Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine

Sympathetic Neuron. Releases norepineprhine onto these tissues. Adrenal Gland. epinephrine. Alarm Phase: Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine. STRESS. hypothalamus. pituitary. adrenal. Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone. 90. Storm (n=8). 80. 70. 60. 50. 40. 30.

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Alarm Phase: Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine

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  1. Sympathetic Neuron Releases norepineprhine onto these tissues Adrenal Gland epinephrine Alarm Phase:Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine

  2. STRESS hypothalamus pituitary adrenal Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone

  3. 90 Storm (n=8) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Calm (n=8) Pre-storm (n=3) Corticosterone, ng/ml Time after capture (min)

  4. Effects of Glucocorticoids Emergency Life History Stage • Increase circulating glucose • Suppress the immune system • Suppress reproductive behavior • Suppress growth • Multiple behavioral effects, dependent on species… • e.g. • Induce territory abandonment • Increase foraging • Reduce parental care

  5. The stress responsealarm and resistance • Maximizes glucose in the blood • Maximizes glucose and oxygen delivery to critical tissues • Shuts down non-critical activities (redirects physiology and behavior) • Digestion • Reproduction • Growth

  6. glucose mobilization Breakdown of protein to make glucose Inhibit immune system Decreased parental care Decrease reproduction Energy depletion Muscle wasting Increase parasite load, can’t fight disease, infection Loss of young Total loss of fitness for the season Acute Responses to Stress Chronic Stimulation

  7. Males 80 Females 60 40 20 11 9 8 13 8 5 0 PESA SESA WESA REPH F Parental care? : M M + F Corticosterone Increase, ng/ml Magnitude of Pectoral Semipalmated Red Sandpiper Sandpiper Phalarope

  8. 60 50 50 40 summer summer 40 40 winter summer winter 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 1 5 10 30 60 1 5 10 30 60 1 5 10 30 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 5 10 30 60 Inca Dove Abert's Towhee BENIGN BREEDING ENVIRONMENT Black-throated sparrow Cactus Wren CORT (ng/ml) winter HARSH BREEDING ENVIRONMENT Time after capture (mintues)

  9. Energy and Homeostasis: Definitions • Homeostasis: maintenance of basic systems essential for life: pH, glucose, temp, salts, oxygen • But: homeostasis must be supported as environmental conditions or life history stage changes……SO: • Basic—maintenance of basic systems • Regulated— homeostasis through life history changes • Facultative— homeostasis under non-ideal conditions or unpredictable changes • Stress: when energy required to maintain homeostasis is greater than the energy available (negative energy balance)

  10. fence lizard Corticosterone and Body Condition

  11. EG = EG Energy Model EE = EI = EO = ENERGY EI EE TIME

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