Western Europe / Middle Ages Rise of the Franks

Western Europe / Middle Ages Rise of the Franks • For hundreds of years following the breakup of the Roman Empire, Europe was in chaos and disorder. • Barbarians invaded the area and settled, bringing their ways of living and their customs. • Eventually, customs and political patterns merged between the barbarians and the people from the former Roman Empire. • Gradually, order was restored and between the 400’s and 1500, historians consider this the transition into the development of Western culture. • Middle Ages: The period of European development. The time in history that marks the end of the Classical Age and the beginning of the Modern World.

The Franks • After the fall of the Roman Empire, Many Germanic Tribes invaded Western Europe and created small kingdoms. • The Franks: organized the Germanic people and shaped the post-Roman Europe culture. • In 481, a ruler named Clovis became king of one of the Frankish tribes. • Clovis traced his family back to an ancestor named Merovech, thus Clovis and his tribe were called Merovingians. • The Merovingians, with the support of the Christian church, conquered other Frankish tribes and controlled northern and southwestern Gaul. • This is the area of today’s France, which is named for the Franks. • When Clovis died, his son divided the kingdom. • After the death of Clovis, the Merovingian kings were generally weak.

Eventually the chief of the royal household, known as the “mayor of the palace”, became the real ruler of each kingdom. • Pepin II - ruled as “mayor of the palace” from 687 to 714. • Charles Martel – A.K.A. Charles the Hammer. Son of Pepin II, who became “mayor of the palace” after Pepin II died. • Charles Martel and his cavalry fought off raid attempts in France from the Spanish Moore’s and the Muslims. (Battle of Tours) • After Charles Martel’s death, his son, Pepin III (The Short) and his brother Carloman served as joint “mayors of the palace” over the Merovingian kingdom. • In 751, Pepin III overthrew the last Merovingian ruler (Childeric III) and claimed the Frankish throne. Pepin was anointed king of Franks, establishing a new line of Frankish rulers: the Carolingians.

Charlemagne: Pepin III’s son and greatest of all Frankish kings. • Charlemagne inherited and rules the Frankish throne from 768 to 814. • Charlemagne was a devout Christian and helped spread Christian beliefs. • Charlemagne and the Christian church saw him as the inheritor of Roman authority. (Christmas 800 – Pope Leo III crowned him emperor.) • Charlemagne established a court and capital at Aachen (Modern day Germany), but spent most of his time traveling through his realm to maintain his authority. • Charlemagne relied on aristocratic deputies known as Counts, who held political, military, and legal authority in local jurisdiction. • Because many of the counts often had their own political ambitions and pursued policies contrary to the interest of the central government. • To tighten control, Charlemagne instituted a new group of imperial officials known as missidominici “envoys of the lord ruler”, who traveled yearly to all local jurisdictions and reviewed the accounts of local authorities. Charlemagne contributions: * Fought in many battle and defeated many tribes and invaders (Lombards in Italy, the Saxons in N. Germany, the Avars in central Europe, the Moors across Pyrenees.)

* United much of Western Europe * Strengthened the political powers of the Franks * Influenced a cultural rebirth throughout Europe by supporting education, copying ancient Roman manuscripts, creating libraries. * The pope preformed the coronation for Charlemagne, strengthening the ties between the Franks and the Christian church. * Charlemagne set the example for later kings in Medieval Europe. After Charlemagne’s death in 814, his descendants, Louis the Pious, did not inherit his ability to manage a kingdom. By the mid-800 the Carolingian dynasty had begun to divide and collapse. Invasions from Eastern Europe tribes such as the Slavs and the Magyars terrorized Europe and broke apart Charlemagne’s empire. Muslims invaded from the south and the Norse (Vikings) invaded from the north.

Answer the following questions…. Who were Missi Dominici? What Pope coronated Charlemagne Christmas Day of 800 A.D. Who was Louis the Pious? What 3 groups invaded Gaul from the North, South, and East? Where did the term “Vikings” originate from? Explain the Feudal System. Explain the relationship between lords and serfs.

Vikings: Most feared group of invaders from Scandinavia. • The Vikings sailed shallow draft boats that could cross heavy seas, but could also navigate the many rivers offering access to interior regions of Europe. • The Vikings were ruled by kings and nobles, but were somewhat democratic. Assemblies of landowners made the laws. • The Vikings would raid and loot settlements and then take captives back to Scandinavia to work as slaves on their farms. England • 450 A.D. Roman rule had ended in Britain. • Germanic Tribes moved into the islands: 1st as Raiders 2nd as Settlers • Invasions prompted a series of small kingdoms established earlier by Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic people merged into a single large realm.

Anglo-Saxon England – named for two Germanic tribes. • The leader of this effort, King Alfred, expanded form his base in southern England to territories farther north held by Danish invaders. • Alfred the Great – came to the throne in 871 and was determined to drive the Danes out. • Danes were also referred to as Vikings. • Alfred built a navy to challenge the Vikings at sea and constructed a fortress on land to secure areas that he conquered from the invaders. • 876 Alfred attacked the Danes and by 886 the Danes were weakened and a treaty was established with them. They were allowed to live in parts of Mercia and Northumbria and where able to govern themselves. • Over time, the Anglo Saxons formed several independent kingdoms, which eventually were divided up into governmental districts: Shires • A shire was governed by a shire-reeve. (Today’s sheriff)

Alfred’s successors had established themselves kings of all of England. Danish rule • After the death of Alfred, the Danes began to attack again and by 1013, the Danes again controlled the entire country. • 1042, Edward the Confessor (part Anglo-Saxon part Norman) becomes king • Edward the Confessor didn’t leave a heir to the throne so a distant relative, Duke William of Normandy took the English throne. • Anglo’s refuse to recognize him as king, so Edwards’s brother-in-law, Harold of Wessex became king. • Determined to become king, William along with Norman knights crossed the English Channel to battle against Harold and the Anglo-Saxon army. (Battle of Hastings - 1066) • Harold was defeated & William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) became king. • At first there was resistance from the Anglo-Saxons, but eventually they accepted him and his laws.

Reforms under William’s successors: • Strong, efficient, well-financed government • King John and Magna Carta – protected liberties of nobles and outlined rights for ordinary people • Parliament: Nobles and clergy made up House of Lords, knights and burgesses made up House of Commons • Common law: Collection of decisions that were applied equally and in common Germany • When Carolingian authorities were unable to prevent invasions from the Magyars, local lords took matters into their own hands. The most successful, King Otto I of Saxony • Otto I was elected king in Germany 936. • Otto I was a powerful leader and would later be known as Otto the Great. Otto I worked to develop a strong kingdom in Germany

951, Otto moved to seize northern Italy with the support of Pope John XII. Otto would later be crowned Emperor of the Romans. (962) Overtime, the Holy Roman Empire was weakened by internal division. Henry III became Emperor in 1046. Henry III, like Charlemagne, expected the church to actively support the empire and its ruler. (Henry III chose the popes during his reign.) Henry III viewed the church as a branch of the imperial government. Henry III died in 1056, so his 5 year old son, Henry IV, took the throne. Many nobles and church clergy saw his youth as an opportunity to gain power.

Feudalism The Feudal System was introduced to England following the invasion and conquest of the country by William I (The Conqueror). The system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. It was a simple, but effective system, where all land was owned by the King. One quarter was kept by the King as his personal property, some was given to the church and the rest was leased out under strict controls. The King The King was in complete control under the Feudal System. He owned all the land in the country and decided who he would lease land to. He therefore only allowed those men he could trust to lease land from him. However, before they were given any land they had to swear an oath to remain faithful to the King at all times. The men who leased land from the King were known as Barons, or Vassals, they were wealthy, powerful and had complete control of the land they leased from the King.

Barons / Vassals (Nobles) Barons leased land from the King which was known as a manor. They were known as the Lord of the Manor and were in complete control of this land. They established their own system of justice, minted their own money and set their own taxes. In return for the land they had been given by the King, the Barons had to serve on the royal council, pay rent and provide the King with Knights for military service when he demanded it. They also had to provide lodging and food for the King and his court when they travelled around the country. The Barons kept as much of their land as they wished for their own use, then divided the rest among their Knights. Barons were very rich. Knights Knights were given land by a Baron in return for military service when demanded by the King. They also had to protect the Baron and his family, as well as the Manor, from attack. The Knights kept as much of the land as they wished for their own personal use and distributed the rest to villeins (serfs). Although not as rich as the Barons, Knights were quite wealthy. Villeins (Serfs) Villeins, sometimes known as serfs, were given land by Knights. They had to provide the Knight with free labour, food and service whenever it was demanded. Serfs had no rights and were poor. They were not allowed to leave the Manor and had to ask their Lord's permission before they could marry.

Medieval Life - Food A Norman lord dined in the great hall of his castle or manor house. He sat in a high-backed chair at one end of the large room with his family and special guests. Less important people ate sitting on stools or benches at trestle tables lower down the hall. The lord’s table stood on a platform of wood or stone. The Normans ate their meals off wooden plates or out of bowls. They also used large slices of day-old bread as plates for the meat. Although they had knives and spoons, there were no forks, so most people used their fingers a great deal. Dogs, and sometimes beggars, wandered around the tables looking for scraps. The lord ate well, even during winter. Unlike most of the people who lived on his manor, he could afford to buy salt to preserve his meat all the year round. He could also afford pepper to spice tasteless food or food which was beginning to go bad. The peasants’ main food was dark rye bread. They grew peas, beans and onions in their gardens and collected berries, nuts and honey from the woods. Peasants did not eat much meat. Many kept a pig or two but could not often afford to kill one. They could hunt rabbits or hares but might be punished for this by their lord.

Manorial Systems

A normal day of a regular peasant would generally start--and end like this: 2:00 PM - Work at farms continued. Children were usually playing in the gardens or farming as well. Their mothers spent a great amount of time at home--preparing food, teaching their kids new knowledge and doing house-work. Nevertheless, a women could also be a serf; thus some of them worked many hours at the farms.3:00 PM - Work continued.4:00 PM - This was the official resting time. Nobles would normally have glorious feasts with more food than a serf would see in a month. Serfs usually ate bread, vegetables and water. Under good circumstances, they had meat (usually in holidays).5:00 PM - Serfs were required to return to work. 6:00 PM - Work continued.7:00 PM - Work for serfs continued.8:00 PM - Labor usually finished for the day. Serfs were paid a very small amount of money; from which, they were required to pay a lot of taxes.9:00 PM - Serf's dinner.10:00 PM - Serfs would often go to sleep at this time. In the meantime, at the castle, nobles would be having another feast. Dinner was their favorite meal and castles were full of servants to provide nobles with whatever they wanted.The Middle Ages was a period of glory for some--and misery for others. 6:00 AM - Roosters would wake most villagers up. At this time, most peasants started they daily activities normally by dressing and eating breakfast. A peasant's breakfast consisted of mostly vegetables, water, fruits and bread. 7:00 AM - The castle's bells would ring (if any) and serfs were required to start work at this time In winter, peasants were most likely to wake up until 8 AM.8:00 AM - Work continued, There were not many interludes for serfs; in the other hand, free peasants; could have many breaks.9:00 AM - Work for serfs continued; they were not allowed to drink or eat anything in the farms, but nevertheless; most of them managed to contraband goods such as water. Peasants would farm a lot as well, but serfs were the true workers. 10:00 AM - The first interlude for serfs. When a noble was generous, he'd let the serfs rest for up to half an hour at this time. Draconian nobles would impose rules against resting. 11:00 AM - Labor was at its peak. Peasants were required to work and work at this time. In the interim, nobles were usually riding their horses or taking care of business. Most nobles would live out of the work of their serfs. 12:00 AM - Serfs continued working 1:00 PM - Serfs would be normally given a time-off at this time since the sun would burn them otherwise. Farms were very hot places in which the sun was strong enough to make very painful burns. Serfs usually died at an early age

Brain BreakUse your books • Role of male serfs • Role of female serfs • Agriculture • Economy (Trade) • Who did they trade with?

Feudalism QuizTake and Turn-in True or False 1. Feudalism was introduced to England by William the Conqueror. 2. Knights leased land from the king. 3. A baron (nobles) was known as 'Lord of the Manor'. 4. Barons (Nobles)had to provide food for villeins (serfs). 5. Knights had to fight for the king when the barons told them to. 6. Knights were quite wealthy. 7. Villeins (Serfs) were also known as serfs. 8. The king gave food to everyone. 9. Villeins (Serfs) were rich. 10. Barons set their own taxes.

The Church • The medieval church had control over political power due to the weak central governments throughout Europe. • It’s power extended throughout kingdoms and through every social and political level. • When the Roman empire collapsed, the papacy survived and claimed spiritual authority over all the lands formerly connected to the empire. • For a century, the pope cooperated closely with Byzantine emperors who appeared to be the natural heirs to the emperors of Rome. • In the late 6th Century, the popes acted more independently and devoted their efforts to strengthening the western Christian church based at Rome and clearly distinguishing itself from the eastern Christian church in Constantinople. • After the 11th Century, the 2 branches were identified as the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches. • Pope Gregory I, aka Gregory the Great reasserted papal primacy – that the bishop of Rome was the ultimate authority in the Christian Church.

The church was a great economic force: By the 1100’s, the medieval church was one of the leading landowners throughout Europe. • Within the church, clergy members were organized according to strict hierarchy of rank. • Each rank had different responsibilities. • Parish Priest: Lowest Rank • The Parish was the smallest division of the church and the priest directly served the people in his parish. • Responsible for religious instruction and the moral and spiritual life within his community. • Administer five of the seven sacraments: Ceremonies at which the participants received God’s direct favor, or grace to help ward off the consequences of sin. • The 5 Sacrament ceremonies the parish priest could perform were: • Baptism • Holy Communion • Penance • Matrimony • Anointing the sick and dying. Sacraments

Bishop: Manages a group of parishes called a diocese. • The cathedral serves as the bishop’s official church. • The king or powerful nobles usually controlled the selection of bishops on the basis of family connections and political power. • Many bishops were feudal lords or vassals in their own right and had vassals themselves. • Bishops also perform the sacraments of confirmation and taking holy orders. Church leadership • A group of several dioceses is called an archdiocese, which is managed by an archbishop. Archbishop: had all the powers and responsibilities of a bishop and also had authority over the bishops of the archdiocese. • The Pope has supreme authority in the church. • The Pope was advised by the curia, a group of counselors drawn form the highest ranks of the clergy. • The Curia’s most important and powerful members were cardinals. • Cardinals: “The princes of the church” advise the pope on legal and spiritual matters. • Only cardinals can elect the pope. • It didn’t happen often, but a man of great ability, regardless of birth, could rise to great heights within the church.

The Church and Medieval Life • The pope was both political and religious leader. • Many popes claimed that the church held political and spiritual power over all monarchs. • The church had its own courts and code of law, called canon law. • Clergy members of the church could be tried in this court and could possibly be excommunicated: cut off from the church and could not receive the sacraments or be buried on sacred ground. It also effectively removed an individual from society. • The court could also issue an interdict against an entire region: All the churches in that region would be closed and the clergy would be forbidden to perform any of the sacraments. • The people in this region would be at risk of eternal punishment. • The people did not allow anyone to question the basic principles of the Christian religion. • The church would use the threat of interdiction to turn a region’s people against a ruler that might oppose the church power and policies. • Heretics: People who denied the truth of the church’s principles or preached beliefs not approved by the church.

Monasticism • The first group of clergy was called secular clergy. Secular comes from the Latin word saeculum, which means “the present world.” The secular clergy gave the sacraments and preached the gospel among the people of the everyday world. • The next group of clergy was called regular clergy. • Male monks made up regular clergy because they had to live in accordance with strict rules. • Female nuns also lived in accordance with strict rules, but they were not considered clergy because only men could fulfill that role in the church. • Monks and Nuns believed that they needed to withdrawal themselves from the world and its temptations. • They chose to serve God through: • Fasting • Praying • Self-denial *4. Inflict extreme physical suffering on themselves to prove their dedication. (Not always done) • During early centuries of Christianity, monks and nuns lived alone to practice their devotion to God. • Eventually, monks and nuns gave up the hermit lifestyle and formed religious communities. • Monk communities are called monasteries, and nuns lived in convents. • Monasticism refers to the way of life in convents and monasteries.

Abbot: elected head of the community and controlled and distributed all property. • Abbess: served a similar role as an abbot for women in a convent • In some areas, efforts were made to organize monastic communities before the 500’s. • A young Roman named Benedict became disgusted by the worldly corruption he saw around him. • Benedict left Rome to worship God as a hermit and his reputation for holiness spread and he attracted many followers. • Because of his growing popularity, Benedict established a monastery at Monte Cassino (Central Italy) 529. • Saint Benedict created rules to govern monks’ lives – The Benedict Rule required monks to take vows to lead communal, celibate lives under the absolute direction of the abbot. (Virtues of Poverty, Chastity, & Obedience) • Through the influence of St. Benedict, his twin sister, St. Scholastica, adapted the “Rule” providing guidance for religious life of women living in convents (nuns). • Within a century, most of European monasteries & convents observed the Benedict Rule.

Clash over Germany and Italy • Henry III died in 1056, so his 5 year old son, Henry IV, took the throne. • At age 15 Henry IV moved to strengthen the imperial rule. This led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VII. • Pope Gregory felt that the church was the supreme spiritual power on earth. He felt that rulers and ordinary people were subject to the will of the church and the pope. • Pope Gregory used the threat of excommunication as a way to resolve conflicts between church and state. • Pope Gregory releases the emperor’s subjects from their vow of loyalty to the ruler and urged them to elect another emperor. • Fearing rebellion, Henry sought the pope’s mercy. • Imperial submission – Pope Gregory revoked the king’s ex-communication • After humiliation, Henry’s excommunication was lifted. • Concordat of Worms: limited imperial power over German churches. This was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V near Worms, Germany.

It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors. The King was recognized as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority in the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority. The Crusades Causes The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) gained control over Palestine in the late 1000’s. This area was known as the “Holy Land” to Christians. The Turks attacked part of the Byzantine Empire. When they threatened to attack the capital city, Constantinople, The Byzantine Emperor called Pope Urban II for help. Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.

Pope Urban wanted to regain the “Holy Land” from the Turks, so he called a meeting of church leaders and feudal lords to stop the fighting amongst themselves and unite to fight for the “Holy Land”. • Crusades: A series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land. • The Pope made an appeal to crusaders that if they fight in this war, they would go straight to heaven. • Others fought to gain money and land. 1St Crusade (1096 – 1099) • French and Italian lords led several armies of Crusaders from Europe to Constantinople. • Although they were glad to receive help against the Turks, the Byzantine Empire was suspicious of the Crusaders and their motive to possibly capture the city.

As the Crusaders traveled across Asia Minor, they suffered casualties due to: 1) Hot wool and leather garments 2) Heat 3) Food and Water Shortage 4) Few packed animals to carry supplies The Crusaders finally reached their target: Jerusalem. Through several vicious battles, the Crusaders capture Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants After the 1st Crusade, much of the Holy Land was brought back under European control. As a result, customs and trade was established by the Europeans amongst the Holy Land and in Southwest Asia. Change also occurred within Europe and many Christians and Muslims began to respect each other and live amongst each other. The Fall of Jerusalem during 1st Crusade

2nd Crusade ( 1147 – 1149) • By 1146, the Turks had united forces and taking back cities the crusaders had captured. • King Louis VII of France and German King Conrad III led separate armies across Europe in 1147. • At Damascus, the 2 armies joined forces, but failed to defeat the Turks. The Crusaders returned to Europe in disgrace. 3rd Crusade ( 1189 - 1192) • In 1187, the Muslim leader Saladin gained control of Jerusalem. • Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England led separate armies.

Barbarossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land, so his army turned back. • King Philip took his army back home to seize English lands in France. • King Richard was forced to fight alone in the Holy Land, but they couldn’t recapture the Holy Land. • Richard settles for a truce with Saladin, which allowed the crusaders to receive control of some towns along Palestine and allowed Christians to enter Jerusalem freely. 4thCrusade • Pope Innocent gathered a group of French knights in 1202. • 1204 Crusader looted attacked Constantinople. Other Crusades • Children’s Crusades: 1212 Results of the Crusades: Cultural Diffusion • Trade • Politics • Weapons

Late Middle AgesTerms Expansion of Arable Land The Improvement of Agricultural Techniques New Agricultural Tools and Technology New Crops Textile Products 6) Hanseatic League 7) The Three Estates 8) Cathedral Schools / Universities 9) The Urban Woman

Late Middle AgesGrowth of Towns • As towns and trade grew in the Middle Ages, townspeople saw they did not fit into the manorial system. • Townspeople now made their living by making and trading goods. • Manor lords still controlled the towns. They would only give up control for something in return. • Some towns won self-government peacefully, but many resorted to violence. • Some lords granted their towns charters of liberties. • Charter: A written statement of the town’s rights. • The Basic 4: • Anyone who lived in a town for a year and a day became free. This included serfs who escaped from a manor to a town. (Freedom) • Townspeople won the right of being exempt, or free, from ever having to work on the manor. (Exemption) • Towns had their own courts. Leading citizens tried cases that involved townspeople. (Town justice) • Townspeople could sell goods freely in the town market. They could also charge tolls to outsiders who wanted to trade there. (Commercial privileges)

Merchants and workers began to unite in associations called guilds. • In each town, a merchant guild had the sole right to trade there. • Merchants from other town could trade there only if they paid a fee. • Merchant guilds also helped their members and members’ families. (Example: Guilds looked after members who were in trouble and made loans to members. Guilds also aided the widow and children if a guild member died. Guilds also looked after ill members and those who could no longer work.) • Craft guilds also formed over time. • Each guild member had a single craft (shoemaker, weaving, etc. ) and the craft guild would set rules for wages, hours, and working conditions. They also set standards for quality of work. • Master workers of each guild trained boys and men who wanted to join their guild. • Apprentice: Parents would pay a master worker to house, feed, clothe, and train the boy. (Take 5-9 years) • Journeyman: A skilled worker who is paid wages by a master. • After some time, the journeyman can become a master himself by creating a masterpiece. (A piece of work worthy of a master) If the journeyman’s guild approves his masterpiece, the journeyman could open his own shop. • Some girls also served as apprentices.

Rise of the Middle Class • In time, towns’ guild members became the middle class. • Middle class: between the class of a noble and that of a peasant and unskilled workers. • The middle class favored kings over nobles because kings could provide stable government that would protect trade, business, and property. The king also looked to the middle class for advice. • Kings also gave members of the middle class government jobs. • Trade & Commerce became a large part of the European society. • In time, the middle class started to gain power. • The growth of towns during the Middle Ages could be exciting, but the growth of a town was also filled with turmoil and hysteria: • The Hammer of Witchcraft: late 1400’s

The growth of towns during the middle ages were also dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy. • No Street lights • No Police • Robbers (Crime) • Waste was dumped into open gutters • Disease spread quickly through crowded cities. • The Black Death: Originated in 1347 (in Asia) • Many believed that noxious smells caused the disease, so they held flowers to their faces and nose for protection. • Ring Around the Rosie. What does this game mean? • The popular children’s game originated during the Black Plague: “Pocket full of Posies (type of flower), Ashes, Ashes, we all fall down!” (A reminder that death could be near) • The plague spread through ports by trading ships. • Black Rats on the ships carried the disease and the plague spread to people by bites from fleas on the rats. • Estimate of 25 million people died in Europe from 1347 to 1351 • Relationship from upper-class and lower-class changed. (Peasant uprisings) • The church lost some power (People lost their faith)

Wars and the Growth of Nations • In 1328, the last male member of France’s Capetian dynasty died. Edward III of England claimed the French throne. • The French assembly chose Philip VI of Flanders as king instead. • 1337, Edward III of England brought an army to Flanders, hoping to gain control of this rich trading area. • Edward started the Hundred Years’ War between France and England.(1337 – 1453) • For 116 years, a series of battles and raids occurred between England and France. • France suffered the most because the war took place on French soil. • England won many battles, but lost the war to France. • The Hundred Years’ War saw the use of new weapons: 1) Longbows (England) 2) Gunpowder (England and France) 3) Cannons (England and France) • The war also increased the power of the English House of Commons. • Its members won the right to advise the king and consider all new taxes.

England • After the Hundred Years’ War, two royal families fought for England’s throne. • The War of the Roses was between the House of York, whose emblem was a white rose, and the House of Lancaster, whose emblem was a red rose. • Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated Richard III of York. • Henry Tudor, A.K.A. King Henry VII, set up a strong monarchy for England. France • France suffered during the Hundred Years’ War: • English soldiers robbed the people and destroyed property. 2) Many people in France starved 3) An internal fight broke out in the French royal family. * The House of Burgundy sided with the English. Charles VII of the House of Orleans became king with the help of Joan of Arc.

At the time of Joan's childhood the land of France was caught up in the Hundred Year's War. • Joan started hearing voices at the age of 13. These voices originally only exhorted her to pray often and attend church. • Joan believed God was speaking to her and was telling her that she must help the future king of France be crowned. (The dauphin, Charles VII, had to be coroneted at Reims by tradition, but at that time Reims was held by the English, with their own hopes of crowning Henry VI, who was but a child, when he was old enough.) • In 1428, Joan left her home town without telling her parents and managed to get to the King and convince him of the sincerity of her mission. • She was supplied with an army to raise the siege of Orleans, leading France to victory against the English. (From there it seemed that Joan could do no wrong in battle. Joan's success started declining, mainly thanks to the lack of monetary support from King Charles VII. She was captured at Compiègne when the drawbridge was raised too hastily, resulting in Joan being left outside.) • Joan was tried by an English inquisition court, found to be heretical, and burned at the stake.

During the war, French representative assembly (The Estates General) controlled finances and passed laws. • After the war, it lost power to Louis XI. 1) Strengthened the monarchy 2) Set up a harsh, but efficient government with high taxes 3) Seized lands of the House of Burgundy 4) United the country , reducing the power of French lords Spain • Became a united nation under Ferdinand and Isabella. • Ferdinand and Isabella took power away from the church court and from the nobles. • The Spanish Reconquista: In 1492, the Spanish army finally captured the last of the Moors. They also ordered all Jews to become Christians or leave Spain. (Later they gave the Moors the same choice) • Most Jews and Moors left, robbing Spain of leaders of industry and trade. The Holy Roman Empire • The Roman Empire remained divided into independent states. • 1273, A member of the Habsburg family became emperor and ruled a state that is now Switzerland • Habsburgs became the most powerful family in Europe through powerful marriages and careful strategies of armed conquest. • They couldn’t however unite the Holy Roman Empire facing opposition from German princes and Italy (which was ruled by the pope at that time.)

Factors that Led to the Rise of Defined Nation Nations • The decline of feudalism • The decline of city-states • The decline of church-controlled lands • The existence of warfare

Church Conflicts • After Pope Innocent III, the power of the church weakened. • The kings of England, France, Spain formed strong gov’t. • Townspeople supported the kings; Many felt that church laws limited trade and industry. • Also, people found fault with the church’s great wealth & the worldly lives of some of its clergy. • Soon conflicts arose between the pope and a monarch: *** King Philip IV of France ordered the clergy to pay taxes. Pope Boniface VIII was angry because he ordered that popes had power over worldly rulers. Philip called together the Estates General. He charged the pope with heresy and with selling jobs in the church. He wanted a church council to put Boniface on trial. King Philip’s took the pope prisoner, but Boniface was quickly released. Boniface died shortly after his release. • After Boniface died, King Philip had a French bishop elected pope: Clement V • Clement V moved the center of the church from Rome, where it had been for 1,000 years, to Avignon, France. • 6 more French popes lived in Avignon. • This period when the pope lived in Avignon is known as the Babylonian Captivity: Named for the years when the ancient Hebrews were forced to live in Babylon. • People lost respect for the church, believing that the popes were controlled by French kings.

1377, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome, but soon died. • The cardinals in Rome elected an Italian pope to please local mobs. • Later they elected a French pope, who went to Avignon. • This period of church history is known as The 2ndSchism: The church was divided into 2 opposing groups, each with its own pope. • Finally a church council met in 1414, removing all of the popes and elected a new Italian pope. • The pope’s authority weakened and increased criticism, often within the church: 1) 1324, 2 teachers @ the University of Paris wrote that the pope was elected to only have power over the church clergy and lay people, not over worldly rulers. 2) 1300’s, John Wycliffe, an English priest and teacher attacked the church’s wealth and immorality of some of its clergy. • Wycliffe wanted to replace the authority of the church with that of the Bible.Wycliffepromoted the first translation of the Bible into English, so that English people could read it and decide for themselves what it meant. • The church accused Wycliffe of being a heretic, but the English royal court defended him. Wycliffe wasn’t executed, but was banned from teaching. 3) Jan Hus, a religious reformer and teacher @ the University of Prague, also criticized abuses in the church. • Hus was excommunicated and was called before a council where he was declared a heretic and burned at the stake in 1412. • Wycliffe and Hus had a profound impact on people and their questioning set the stage for later reformers.

Western Europe / Middle Ages Rise of the Franks