What Kind of Metrology Do We Need in 2010? Developments in Germany and Europe

1. What Kind of Metrology Do We Need in 2010? Developments in Germany and Europe Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Manfred Kochsiek Vice President Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin

2. Why 2010? • The world is changing! ... and: • National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) have to be 1-2 years ahead of trends and developments in trade, industry and science • High investments need a lead time of ~ 5 years •  Planning for 2010 has to start now!

3. Questions • How can we maintain high-quality metrology while national budgets are decreasing? Extend cooperation •  Strategic planning • What has to be harmonized in metrology?WTO: “Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade” updated all 3 years • What are the challenges for European metrology?Support “Free trade, single market” • Identify “metrology customers” •  ...

4. National budgets aredecreasing Metrology has tobe maintainedor even extended “Metrology dilemma”  European cooperation becomes increasingly important! Europe in 2010 • Europe will have grown to ~ 30 member states25 EU states + Bulgaria, Romania (2007) + Turkey, Croatia (?), 4 EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland)

5. Planning in Metrology • Former “academic-oriented” approach: • Expand NMI´s capabilities by • lowering measurement uncertainty • extending measurement range • developing new measurement methods • Modern “efficiency-oriented” approach: • Follow customers´ needs...

6. Politics • consulting of governments • maintaining metrological infrastructure • dismantling of trade barriers • Trade + Industry • measurement and calibration • testing and certification • applied research • standardization and harmonization • Science • fundamental research • measurement and calibration on highest level • Society • consumer protection • occupational health, environment and safety Who are our Customersand What can we do for Them?

7. Dissemination of the units 3500 calibrations by PTB for DKD 250 000 calibrations by DKD for industry 10 000 000 calibrations within industry Ruhrgas AG Metrology in Germany Realization of the units Traceability 85 verification bodies 350testing centres > 120 Mio. measurement units

8. PTB -The National Metrology Institute of Germany • Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt • highest technical authority under the auspices of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour (BMWA) • founded 1887 as Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt • annual budget of ~ 125 Mio. Euros • ~ 1400 staff members (+ 300) • Mission • PTB stands for progress and reliability in metrology for the benefit of society, trade, industry, and science. • Vision • PTB wants to be the worldwide highest center of competence in the field of metrology as a partner and service provider.

9. History of PTB 1887 Foundation of the Physikalisch- Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Berlin (H. v. Helmholtz and W. v. Siemens) 1923 Incorporation of the Reichsanstalt für Maß und Gewicht (Weights and Measures Office) 1946 Rebuilding of PTR in Berlin 1950 Foundation of PTB in Braunschweig 1953 Affiliation of PTR to PTB as “Berlin Institute” 1977 Foundation of DKD (German Calibration Service) by government and industry 1990 Incorporation of the metrology section of the ASMW of the former GDR into PTB 2002 Close-down of ASMW site in Berlin

10. Sites of PTB Braunschweig + Berlin

11. Profile of Tasks • Fundamentals of metrology Realization and dissemination of the SI units • Metrology for economyIncreasing the efficiency of economy, safeguarding of employment • Metrology for societyPromotion of consumer protection, safeguarding of living conditions • International affairsRemoval of technical barriers to trade, unification of metrology

12. What Makes PTB Different • PTB is not a typical authority • 60 % research / development25 % calibration / services15 % consultation • PTB is not a typical research institute • fundamental research work is necessary for development, calibration, services, consulting to be done on highest level • PTB´s tasks are stipulated by ~ 30 laws and regulations

13. Legal Tasks of PTB Staff resources15 % for the legally regulated field Total revenues 5,5 Mio. € / year plus 1,5 Mio. € / year (approvals of gambling machines)

14.  initial fundamental research  navigation by satellite ± 1 m state-of-the-artatomic clock  10 -14 quartz clock  10 -8 process control  10 -11 advancedatomic clocks  10 -17 Customers´ NeedsExample “Time” Reducing Measurement Uncertainty

15. < 1 N down to µNgrowing need: micro actors forces for micro assembly Materials testing / Safety engineering Off-shore industry Space technology Surface mining Aircraft industry Material-handling industry Automobile industry > 20 MNlittle need Metrology in medicine Automatic control Textile industry 1 N 100 N 10 kN 1 MN 100 MN 10 MN 10 N 100 kN 1 kN Force scale of PTB 1 N 16.5 MN Customers´ NeedsExample “Force” Extending Measurement Range for dissemination / traceability

16. PTB Force Standard Machines New PTB Facility Customers´ NeedsExample “Force” Typical applications of small forces Hardness measuring Coordinate measuring Stylus systems AFM Atomic Force Microscopes 10-9 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 Force in Newton

17. Piezoelectrical adjustment device Force transducer (to be investigated) Electrodynamic force compensation balance Lever mecha- nism Position sensor Coil Magnet Customers´ NeedsExample “Force” Equipment for force range 1 mN to 5 N

18. Metrology Foresight Metrology 2010

19. Predictions may Fail... “Prediction is very difficult,especially about the future” Nils Bohr • because • 1. Innovation is not accepted: • “Adaptive light”, moving automobile headlight,~ 1955 invented by Citroen, re-invented 2005 • 2. Innovation is misjudged: • "You could put in this room... all the radiotelephone apparatus that the country will ever need” • W. W. Dean, President Dean Telephone Company (1907) • "I think there is a world market for about five computers” • Th. Watson, Chairman of IBM (1943) • "640k ought to be enough for anybody” Bill Gates (1981)

20. How to Recognize Challenges • Political guidelines • Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”) • Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international) • Co-operations • Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance) • Advice (board of trustees, advisory council) • Strategic and foresight studies

21. How to Recognize Challenges • Political guidelines • Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”) • Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international) • Co-operations • Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance) • Advice (board of trustees, advisory council) • Strategic and foresight studies

22. Modernization of Legal Metrology in Germany Political guidelines • Entrust private bodies with technically orientated tasks • Implementation of the MID • Globalization (MAA of the OIML) Necessary steps • Market surveillance in Europe • New technologies, i.e. assessment procedures for measuring systems • New measuring devices, i.e. in deregulated fields: gas, electricity • Sampling test procedures

23. How to Recognize Challenges • Political guidelines • Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”) • Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international) • numerous personal contacts • publications, conferences, fairs • collaboration in bodies (standardisation etc.) • internet investigation • new internet-based platform for PTB services, especially for SMEs

24. Communication about our workPTB-own publications • Annual Reports • PTB Reports • PTB Testing Instructions • PTB Texts • Monographs • “PTB-Mitteilungen” • “PTBnews” • “maßstäbe” • Press releases • Divers brochures • Internet homepagewww.ptb.de

25. How to Recognize Challenges • Political guidelines • Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”) • Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international) • Co-operations • Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance) • Advice (board of trustees, advisory council) • Strategic and foresight studies

26. Co-operations: PTB and Partners • About 270 co-operations between PTB and • universitiesi.e. prototype of a balance together with theTechnical University Ilmenau • industryi.e. nanometer comparator together with thecompany Heidenhain • research institutes • i.e. use of synchrotron radiation @ BESSY II GmbH

27. Chip LithographyRoadmap Structure sizes and wavelengths of the projected light Wavelength Structure Size

28. PTB Radiometry Laboratory@ BESSY II PTB Willy-Wien-Laboratory@ Metrology Light Source Industry Co-operationPTB Synchrotron Radiation Facilities

29. Industry Co-operation@ BESSY II Co-operation with the Carl Zeiss SMT AGCharacterization of mirrors for extreme-UV lithography (EUVL) for the next chip generations EUVL collector mirror EUV lithography

30. Industry Co-operationProject „ABBILD“ A 220 Mio. € project of 20 partner from industry and, research institutes Aim:Development of new technologiesfor the mask lithography of the future

31. How to Recognize Challenges • Political guidelines • Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”) • Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international) • Co-operations • Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance) • Advice (board of trustees, advisory council) • Strategic and foresight studies

32. 3 Meetings with laboratory inspections April, August, November Interactive process, sub-commissions April until August Handing over of the evaluation report 16. Dez. 2002 Reports / AdviceEvaluation of PTB 2002: An international commission under management ofH. Weule evaluate PTB

33. Evaluation of PTBCommission Suggestions • PTB-internal issues, i.e. - strengthen customer orientation - specify short-, medium- and long-term needs in metrology - sustain high level of of research work, education and training • Relation between PTB and ministry, i.e. • - improve resources for PTB - allow more flexibility and autonomy for PTB • PTB and industry, i.e. • - promote technology transfer • Sustain / improve activities in the metrology fields ofradiometry, primary clocks, quantum electronics, lithography, ionizing radiation, molecular medicine, chemistry, and IT

34. How to Recognize Challenges • Political guidelines • Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”) • Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international) • Co-operations • Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance) • Advice (board of trustees, advisory council) • Strategic and foresight studies

35. Strategy & Foresight“Health” as the Engine of Growth

36. Microsystems- and Nanotechnology IT, Mobile Communication, Networking Biotechnology, Life Science Electronic/ Microelectronic Optical Technologies Internet, Software, Computing Production engineering 80 57 46 50 73 47 38 45 46 36 29 30 university/research 18 24 all Strategy & ForesightKey Technologies 2010 Technologies with the highest innovation potential (VDE 2002)

37. Strategy & ForesightWeighing Technology Future technology of balances (Delphi Study 1997) Assessment after “halftime” 1997 – 2005 – 2010 - Gravimetric and volumetric measurement - Force and weighing sensor - Online weighing technology - Accuracy - New areas: e.g. automotive engineering - Consumption area: No new development Many things are possible! Is there a need?

38. How to Recognize Challenges • Political guidelines • Contacts with industry, trade, society and science (“bottom-up”) • Technical seminars, meetings and conferences (national, regional, international) • Co-operations • Expert’s reports (evaluations on NMI performance) • Advice (board of trustees, advisory council) • Strategic and foresight studies in metrology, i.e.- Kaarls Report (BIPM)- Legal Metrology 2020, Birch Study (OIML) - - MERA / iMERA (EU)

39. Strategy & ForesightBIPM - Kaarls Report • Evolving Needs for Metrology in Trade, Industry andSociety and the Role of the BIPM (2003) • Current and new requirements: • Metrology related to the quality of life • Metrology related to monitoring environmental pollution • Metrology in monitoring climate change • New approaches and technologies: • Traceability to SI or internationally agreed references • Application of information technology • New optical/microwave applications (femtosecond lasers) • Lab-on-a-chip, nanotechnology, microbiology • Commercially available quantum-based primary standards

40. Strategy & ForesightLegal Metrology- OIML • Workshop “Legal Metrology in 2020”(2002, 150 participants, 45 countries) • Visions for social and political developments and technologies •  Results for legal metrology • More harmonization and world wide acceptance is necessary • New technical challenges are caused by the internet • Global market surveillance is necessary • Participation of developing countries • OIML-Mutual Acceptance Agreement (MAA) „Birch Study“ (2003) http://www.oiml.org/publications/birch_study.html“Benefit of Legal Metrology for the Economy and Society“

41. Strategy & ForesightMERA Study = “Metrology in the European Research Area” FP5 project, 2002-2004, 11 NMIs • Motivation: • Necessity to begin with new fields of work • Growing complexity of tasks • Decreasing budgets • Growing number of NMIs in Europe • Main project tasks: • Inventory control of metrological activities • Develop perspectives for European co-operation • Understand various options for the future of the metrology infrastructure in Europe

42. A - Comprehensive national provision B - Selected standard holders at present D - Single European Institute C - Specialized centers of excellence MERA: future situation Do we need 30 NMIs in Europe?Possible Future Scenarios www.euromet.org/docs/pubs/docs/Mera_final_report.pdf

43. MERA follow-up:iMERA “implementing Metrology in the European Research Area” FP6 project, 2005-200720 partners from 14 countries + IRMM • Main tasks: • Co-ordinate European metrology research in strategic areas • Establish an ERA outside the Framework Programme, but with the EC, through “Article 169” action (EU treaty) • Develop structures for execution of a common European Metrology Research Programme • Reappraise EUROMET www.euromet.org/projects/imera

44. Where are we now? • Continue with / improve • Key technologies (Nano- / micro-, optical , energy, ...) • Fundamental metrology (Quantum electronics, ...) • “Quality of life” (Metrology in chemistry, medicine physics, ...) • Industrial use of quantum standards • Traffic control (Breath alcohol,...) • Started with • Online and Inline measurements • Metrological information technology (software testing,...) • Calibration via internet • Cross linking with other NMI (e.g. NPL) via internet

45. New Activities - To Come? • Metrology for biotechnology • Genetic engineering • Dimensionless or “soft” metrology (customer satisfaction):Measurement techniques and models which enable the objective quantification of properties which are determined by human perception. The human response may be in any of the five senses: sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. • Nobel Price 2004 (research on smell) • Request of automobile industry • Issues: Electronic nose, air design, melodiousness • Helmholtz-Symposium 2002 „To Feel or to Measure“

46. Today & Tomorrow New Activities - Examples • Biotechnology and biomedical information technology • Health care and molecular medicine • Dimensional metrology and in-line measuring technique • Dynamic measurements • Metrology in chemistry • Software validation and data security • Quantum metrology and fundamental constants • Nanotechnology and microsystems

47. Global Measurement System ISO/IEC WTO/OIML Harmonizedstandards Harmonizedlegal regulations GlobalMeasurement System Competence of test laboratories and certification bodies Traceabilityto the SI Exchange of knowledge CIPM ILAC/IAF IMEKO

48. National Quality Infrastructure

49. Thank You! „Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so (yet).” Linked to Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) http://www.ptb.de

50. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt National Metrology Institute of Germany www.ptb.de