Late Nineteenth Century European Thought and Society

1. Late Nineteenth CenturyEuropean Thought and Society 1870-1900

2. Objective • To understand economic and social developments in late 19th century Europe • To understand conditions of women, workers, and Jews in late 19th century Europe • To understand intellectual trends of late 19th century Europe

3. The Second Industrial Revolution • Began in the 1850s • First Industrial Revolution • Steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil • Internal combustion engine • Consumer society

4. Marshall Field’s Department Store, 1890

5. European Railroads 1870-1914

6. Iron and Steel Production 1875-1915

7. European GNP 1830-1913

8. Early Automobile, 1899

9. The Second Industrial Revolution • Depression of 1873 • European economies expanded 1850-73 • Technological advances lower food costs • Competition slows down economy • Bad investments cause banks to fail

10. The Second Industrial Revolution • Middle Class (bourgeoisie) continues to expand • Rise of “white collar workers” (petite bourgeoisie)

11. Upper Middle Class Society

12. The Second Industrial Revolution • Urbanization continues late 19th century • Governments introduce urban planning

13. Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe • Still considered property of husbands and fathers • Educational opportunities finally available by late 1800s

14. Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe • Middle Class women • Cult of Domesticity • Middle class women begin to have fewer children

15. English Middle Class Women

16. Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe • Rise of Women’s movement • Women demand reforms in public health and working conditions

17. Women’s Suffrage Movement

18. Jews in Late Nineteenth Century Europe • Discrimination against Jews for most of European history • “Emancipation” • Rise of Anti-Semitism • Zionist Movement

19. Zionist Movement • Theodore Herzl, founder of the Zionist movement

20. Workers in Late Nineteenth Century Europe • Workers demand better working conditions • Workers gain voting rights throughout most of Europe

21. Reaction to Marxism • Marxism spreads throughout Europe • International Working Men’s Association • Calls for government ownership of industries

22. Reaction to Marxism • Britain • Unions become legal in 1880s • Fabian Society

23. Reaction to Marxism • France • Marxism a great influence on French labor movements • French workers resorted to strikes

24. Reaction to Marxism • Germany • Social Democratic Party • Bismarck considered Social Democrats a threat • Social legislation passed in 1883

25. German Socialists

26. Reaction to Marxism • Russia • Industrialized much later than Western Europe • Absolute monarchy prevented necessary reforms • Rise of revolutionary movements

27. Russian Society

28. Reaction to Marxism • Lenin (1870-1924) • Original name Vladimir Ulyanov • Became leader of the Bolsheviks, a Marxist revolutionary group

29. Lenin

30. Reaction to Marxism • Russia • Revolution of 1905 • Government reforms

31. Revolution of 1905

32. Late 19th CenturyEuropean Thought • Science becomes dominant in European society • State becomes in charge of education

33. Chemistry Class, 1899

34. Late 19th Century European Thought • Culture • Art • Literature • Music • Philosophy

35. Arearea, Paul Gauguin

36. Conclusion • Industrialization continues to affect European society • Women begin to demand equal rights • Governments react to Marxism in different ways • Industrialization affects European culture