SEABEE COMBAT WARFARE

1. SEABEE COMBAT WARFARE CHEMICAL WARFARE

2. CBR History • Imagine if you will its April 22nd 1915, a warm, sunny day, you’re an Allied soldier stationed somewhere in Belgium, there’s a slight breeze blowing from behind the German lines, across no man’s land and through your fighting positions. • You take this as a good omen, because for the last 24 hours your positions have been bombarded by German artillery, and just as the breeze picked up the heavy gun fire stopped.

3. CBR History • BUT, just a few hundred yards away, four divisions of the 23rd and 26th German Army Corps were opening the valves on six thousand cylinders stationed along their four mile front. • Seconds later, a five foot high wall of greenish yellow vapor begins to roll toward your positions. • Less than a minute after that the cloud reaches your front lines - and only seconds later you and everyone around you are drowning in your own mucous.

4. CBR History • THAT WAS THE BEGINNING OF MODERN CHEMICAL WARFARE. • That gas was chlorine – you see, chlorine doesn’t just suffocate, it poisons and strips the lining of the bronchial tubes and lungs. The resulting inflammation produces massive amounts of liquid, and the victims literally drown in their own bodily fluids.

5. Definition • CBR Warfare is the study of the deployment, detection, monitoring, and recovery of Chemical, Biological, or Radiological agents

6. (brief) History • Pre-WWI Developments • Ancient: hellebore, mandrake in water 1000-200 b.c • Recent: • 1700-1850: Chlorine, Mustard (dichloroehtylsulfide), chloropicrin • Civil War: Dougherty: Chlorine, 3 qts in shell

8. National Warfare Capability

9. U.S. Policies Chemical Warfare – The United States will not use chemical agents as a first strike attack. However, the President can authorize the use of Chemical agents in retaliation to an attack with chemical agents.

10. Chemical Warfare • Definition – Chemical warfare is the use of chemical agents with the intent to kill, injure, or incapacitate personnel, or to restrict or deny access to strategic areas or routes • Produce physiological and psychological effects • Cause casualties • Degrade performance • Disrupt support • Restrict maneuvers

11. (brief) History • Definitions • Kill: Soman, VX • Injure: Phosgene • Incapacitate: CS, BZ • Countermeasures • Until WWI, US not concerned or interested

12. Chemical Agents Six Types of Chemical Agents • Blister Agents • Blood Agents • Choking Agents • Nerve Agents • Incapacitating Agents • Military Compounds Agents may be delivered in a liquid (persistent) or gaseous (non-persistent) form Casualty Agents

13. Blister Agents • Physiological Effects • Inflammation, blistering, and destruction of tissue • Types • Mustard (H) • Arsenicals (Lewisite) (L) • Urticants • Protection Required • JSLIST suit and MCU-2P Mask ( MOPP IV ) • Detection • M-256A1, M-88 Alarm, M-8 & M-9 Paper, ICAM, ICAD • Odor – Often smells like very strong garlic or geraniums

14. Blister Agents Symptoms • Eyes • - Watery and bloodshot • - Swollen eyelids • - Gritty feeling • Skin • - Burns in moist areas • - Itching and blisters • Respiratory Tract • - Irritation of throat • - Coughing

19. Blood Agents • Types • - Hydrogen Cyanide, Arsine, and Cyanogen Chloride • Physiological Effects - Prevents the normal transfer of oxygen to the body tissue resulting in cell suffocation • Protection Required - MCU-2P mask – filters must be changed immediately since blood agent “Canister Crackers” will render the canister ineffective in 15 minutes • Means of Detection • - M-256A1 Kit, ICAD

20. Blood Agents • Mild Symptoms • - Irritation of eyes, nose and throat • - Coughing and tightness of chest • Moderate Symptoms • - Nausea • - Headache • - Convulsions • Severe Symptoms • - Violent Convulsions • - Heart Failure

21. Blood Agents • Mild Symptoms • - Irritation of eyes, nose and throat • - Coughing and tightness of chest • Moderate Symptoms • - Nausea • - Headache • - Convulsions • Severe Symptoms • - Violent Convulsions • - Heart Failure

22. Choking Agents • Mild Symptoms • - Headache • - Coughing and Tightness of Chest • Moderate Symptoms • -Painful Coughing • -Rapid Shallow Breathing • Severe Symptoms - Shock – Like Symptoms • - Low Blood Pressure • - Foaming at the Mouth

23. Nerve Agents • Types • V / VX, Soman, Sarin and • Tabum • Protection • MOPP IV • Detection • M-256A1 Kit, M88 alarm, M-8 & M-9 paper, ICAM, ICAD • Physiological Effects Attacks the central nervous system by reacting with an enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) that controls the nervous system, causing an overstimulation

24. Nerve Agents • Mild Symptoms • - Pinpointing of Pupils ( Useful when in MOPP IV ) • - Tightness of Chest • - Nausea and Drooling • Moderate Symptoms • - Fatigue • - Muscle Twitching • Severe Symptoms • - Uncontrollable coughing and Convulsions • - Severe Difficulty Breathing and Heart Failure

25. Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK) • Auto – Injectors • - 1 – Atropine • - 1 – 2PAM Chloride • Means of Administering • - Self Aid ( 1st and 2nd Sets) • - Buddy Aid ( Up to 3 Sets) • - Maximum of three sets can be given prior to Medical Supervision • Diazepam Injections • - Suppress Convulsions, Normally given only by Medical

26. Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK) • Administer by removing the safety cap (the light end) and pushing the injector end (the dark end) into the meaty part of the hip or thigh. Hold in place for 10 seconds. • When finished, bend the injector needle and place in the front of the JSLIST top.

27. Incapacitating Agents • Types • - Depressants – Sedate and destroy motivation • - Stimulants – Flood the Brain with too much information • Physiological Effects • - Alters and disrupts the Central Nervous System Temporarily. • Protection Required • - Protective Mask • Means of Detection • - None!

28. Military Compounds • Types • - Vomiting ( Adamsite ) • - Tear Producing ( CS and CN Gas ) • Physiological Effects • - Temporary Irritating Effects • Protection Required • - Protective Mask • Means of Detection • - None

29. Delivery • Bursting type • - Ground Burst • - Air Burst • Spray • Thermal • Dispersers

32. JSLIST Suit Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology - Also called the Advanced Chemical Protective Over garment (ACPG) - Good for 24 hours in a contaminated environment - 45 day life after opening the package - Can be laundered up to 6 times if not contaminated - Water resistant, but not waterproof - Old style gloves and boots still used with the JSLIST, will provide 24 hours of protection in a contaminated environment

33. Donning Procedures Mission Oriented Protective Posture • Five Levels: • MOPP 0 • MOPP I • MOPP II • MOPP III • MOPP IV

34. Donning Procedures MOPP Level 0: - Mask and suit are carried MOPP Level I: - Don JSLIST top - Don JSLIST trousers MOPP Level II: - Don overboots (MULO’s)

35. Donning Procedures MOPP Level III: - Don MCU-2P mask MOPP Level IV: - Don cotton glove liners and rubber gloves

36. Why is CBR Important? • The threat is real. Many nations have the capability of deploying nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Korea is known to have chemical weapons capabilities and is reported to be experimenting with nuclear weapons. • So it’s important that you understand the threat and means to protect yourself or your buddy.

37. Chemical Weapons QUESTIONS?