Motives for European Exploration

Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

1 Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487–1609

New Maritime Technologies This device was used to measure the angles of the sun and stars above the horizon. It was difficult to use accurately in rough seas Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass & Better Maps

New Maritime Technology Caravel This ship combined the square sails of European vessels with the lateen (triangular) sails of their Arab counterparts. The new rigging made it easier to sail across and into the wind.

1 Portugal’s Voyages to the East By the 1400s, Portugal had expanded into Muslim North Africa. Henry the Navigator sent ships to explore the western coast of Africa. In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the spice port of Calicut in India. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa, later called the Cape of Good Hope. The Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire.

Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing west across the Atlantic. Columbus believed that the land that he reached was the Indies. In fact, he had found a route to continents previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later became known as the West Indies. When Columbus returned, Spain and Portugal both rushed to claim the lands Columbus had explored. Pope Alexander VI set a Line of Demarcation, giving to Spain rights to any land west of the line and to Portugal, rights to any land east of the line. 1 Columbus’s Voyages to the West

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

1 Exploring the Americas Europeans continued to seek new routes around or through the Americas. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discovered a passage through Panama to an ocean which he called the South Sea. Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His crew became the first people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world. John Cabot discovered Newfoundland in his unsuccessful quest to find a northwest passage to Asia. Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River. Henry Hudson explored what would become known as the Hudson River.

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

Who was the first European explorer to sail around the southern tip of Africa? a) Ferdinand Magellan b) Bartholomeu Dias c) Vasco da Gama d) Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus set out to a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the Atlantic. c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. . 1 Section 1 Assessment

Who was the first European explorer to sail around the southern tip of Africa? a) Ferdinand Magellan b) Bartholomeu Dias c) Vasco da Gama d) Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus set out to a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the Atlantic. c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. 1 Section 1 Assessment

Portugal used firepower to win control of the rich Indian Ocean spice trade. In less than 50 years, the Portuguese had built a trading empire with military and merchant outposts rimming the southern seas. Despite their sea power, the Portuguese were not strong enough to conquer much territory on land. The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination is Asia. They used their sea power to set up colonies and trading posts around the world. The Dutch East India Company seized Malacca from the Portuguese. Soon after, they were able to enforce a monopoly in the Spice Islands, controlling shipments to Europe as well as much of the trade within Southeast Asia. 3 Portuguese and Dutch Trading Empires

In 1521, Magellan had claimed the Philippines for Spain. Within fifty years, Spain had conquered and colonized the islands. Unlike other people in Southeast Asia, the Filipinos were not united. As a result, they were easily conquered. The Philippines became a key link to Spain’s overseas trading empire. The Spanish shipped silver mined in Mexico and Peru across the Pacific to the Philippines. From there, they used the silver to buy goods in China. 3 Spain and the Philippines

Before the 1700s, the Mughal empire was larger, richer, and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. While European merchants were dazzled by India, the sophisticated Mughal civilization was unimpressed by the Europeans. When Europeans sought trading rights, the Mughal emperors saw no threat in granting them. In the early 1700s, the Mughal central government collapsed. French and English traders battled each other for control of India, while war erupted in Europe between England and France. The British East India Company used an army of British troops and sepoys to drive the French out, take over Bengal, and spread its influence into other parts of India. 3 Mughal India and European Traders

Who successfully challenged Portuguese domination in Asia? a) the English b) the Spanish c) the Dutch d) the French What happened when the Mughal central government collapsed? a) The Portuguese and the Dutch fought to control trade in India. b) The British and the French fought to control trade in India. c) The Portuguese and the Dutch fought to control trade in India. d) The Dutch and the French fought to control trade in India. 3 Section 3 Assessment

The Europeans who reached Asia in the 1500s were very impressed by what they saw . The Chinese, however, saw the Europeans as “southern barbarians,” lacking civilized ways. The Ming dynasty had ended overseas exploration in the mid-1400s. Portuguese traders reached China by sea in 1514. The Ming eventually allowed them a trading post at Macao. Because they were uninterested in European trading products, the Ming demanded payment for Chinese goods in gold or silver. After the Manchus conquered China, the Manchu Qing dynasty maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign trade. The Europeans continued to press to expand trade to other areas of China. 4 European Trade With China

Admiral Zheng He • Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435

Zheng He’s Voyages

4 Japan and Foreign Traders The Japanese at first welcomed western traders. They acquired western firearms and built castles modeled on the European design. The Tokugawa shoguns grew increasingly hostile toward foreigners. They saw the foreigners as agents of an invading force. They suspected that the many Japanese Christians were loyal to the pope, rather than to Japanese leaders. They disliked the competition among Christian missionaries. By 1638, the Tokugawas had barred all western merchants and forbidden Japanese to travel abroad. They also ended foreign trade.

What policy did the Qing adopt regarding foreign trade? a) They gave unlimited trading rights to the Portuguese. b) They maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign trade. c) They maintained the Ming policy of allowing unlimited trade with Europe. d) They limited foreign trade even more than the Ming had. Which of the following was not an action taken by the Tokugawas in 1638? a) They banned all western merchants. b) They forbid Japanese to travel abroad. c) They ended foreign trade. d) They agreed to continue limited trading with the Spanish. 4 Section 4 Assessment

Works Cited Images from: Corbis.com Web Gallary of Art: www.wga.hu • Ellis, E.G., & Esler. (2005). A. World History: Connections to Today. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. • Also Modified from PowerPoint by Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies, in the Caribbean. He encountered the Taíno people, who were friendly and generous toward the Spanish. Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, followed in the wake of Columbus. They settled on Caribbean islands, seized gold from the Taínos, and forced them to convert to Christianity. Meanwhile, smallpox, measles and influenza carried by the Europeans wiped out village after native village. Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases. 1 First Encounters

Hernan Cortés landed on the Mexican coast in 1519. Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords. The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, thought Cortés might be a god. He offered tribute to Cortés and welcomed him to Tenochtitlán. When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlán. In 1521, Cortés returned and captured and demolished Tenochtitlán. Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just after the conclusion of a bloody civil war. Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands of his followers. The Spanish then overran the Incan heartland. 1 The Conquistadors PIZARRO IN PERU CORTÉS IN MEXICO

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

1 Land Claims in the Americas By 1675, Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal possessed sizable overseas empires.Trade ships carried goods between Europe and the Americas and Africa.

The Spanish had superior military technology, such as muskets, cannons, and armor. They used horses, which frightened some Indians, who had never seen such animals. The Spanish were able to take advantage of division and discontent among the Indians. In fact, Indians provided the Spanish with much of their fighting power. Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the Aztecs and Incas. 1 Why Were the Spanish Victorious?

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Which of the following countries did not have land claims in North America in 1675? a) Spain b) England c) France d) Portugal Why did Moctezuma offer tribute to Cortés? a) Moctezuma hoped to open trading relations with the Spanish. b) Moctezuma thought that Cortés might be a god. c) Moctezuma wanted to show his respect for Spanish culture. d) Moctezuma wanted to show the Spanish the wealth of the Aztec empire. 1 Section 1 Assessment

2 Ruling the Spanish Empire In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH THE ECONOMY GOVERNMENT The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on plantations and required large numbers of workers. At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions. Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work. The Church worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Church leaders often served as royal officials. Spanish missionaries forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture. Spain was determined to maintain strict control over its empire. The empire was divided into five provinces, each of which was ruled by a viceroy. The Council of the Indies helped pass laws for the colonies.

In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new social structure. Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of society. Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next. Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent. Mulattoes were people of African and European descent. Native Americans and people of African descent formed the lowest social classes. 2 Colonial Society

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

To get around Spain’s strict control over colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists. Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments. The Dutch, English, and French hunted for other gold empires and for a northwest passage to Asia. 2 Challenging Spanish Power

Which of the following is true of the Spanish empire? a) It was divided into four provinces. b) Each province was ruled by a viceroy. c) Spain allowed the colonists to have economic control of the colonies. d) The Spanish were tolerant of the religious practices of the Native Americans within the colonies. Which group was at the top of colonial society? a) creoles b) mestizos c) peninsulares d) mulattoes 2 Section 2 Assessment

3 Land Claims in the Americas About 1750

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

Throughout the 1500s, French fishing ships harvested fish off Newfoundland. However, the French did not build permanent settlements until 1608. Helped by Native American allies, French explorers and fur traders traveled inland, claiming vast territory. Wealthy landowners sought settlers to farm the land, but the harsh Canadian climate attracted few French peasants. Thus, the population of New France grew slowly. In the late 1600s, the French king began to exert greater control over political and economic activities in New France. 3 New France

In the 1600s and 1700s, the English established 13 colonies in North America. Some, like Virginia and New York, were commercial ventures. Others, like Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, were set up as havens for persecuted religious groups. Like the rulers of Spain and France, English monarchs asserted control over their American colonies. Yet, English colonists enjoyed a large degree of self-government. 3 The 13 English Colonies

By the 1600s, Spain, France, Britain, and the Netherlands were competing for colonies and trade around the world. All four had colonies in North America, where they often fought over territory. During the 1700s, Britain and France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War. In North America, they battled each other in the French and Indian War. The Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the world-wide war, ensured British dominance in North America. As settlers claimed more and more North American land, Native Americans resisted their advance. Bitter fighting resulted. Little by little, the Indians were pushed westward. 3 Competition for Power

In 1750, what European power controlled the west coast of North America? a) the Dutch b) the French c) the Spanish d) the British Which of the following colonies was set up as a haven for persecuted religious groups? a) New York b) Pennsylvania c) Virginia d) New France 3 Section 3 Assessment

The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

The Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire. Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas. Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives in the interior and bring them to coastal trade posts and fortresses. The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury goods increased in Africa. 4 The Atlantic Slave Trade

4 Triangular Trade The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

Motives for European Exploration