Chapter 12 Sec. 1

1. Chapter 12 Sec. 1 World War I Breaks Out

2. World War I • Began in 1914 and ended in 1918 • Called the “Great War” because there were so many countries involved

3. 4 MAIN Causes (Long-Term) of WWI Militarism- glorification of military; policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war Alliances- agreement between countries to support each other in case of war Imperialism- policy used by strong countries to gain social, political, and economic control over foreign territories Nationalism- love of one’s country; patriotism

4. Strong in the Balkans Led to instability in this area because of different ethnic groups and rivalry over territory Area known as the “powder keg” of Europe Nationalism

5. Militarism • Major European powers believed that disputes should be settled on the battlefield • Engaged in arms race to develop large armies and more powerful weapons • Led to formation of alliances

6. Alliances • Result of militarism Two Alliances formed BEFORE the War: 1. Triple Entente- Britain, Russia, France 2 Triple Alliance- Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary Alliances DURING the War: • Allied Powers- Britain, France, Russia, Italy Serbia (later joined by US) • Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Bulgaria 30 nations involved in this war

7. What triggered the war? • June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated when he went to Bosnia • Assassinated by Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia sparking allies to join in on both sides • Result: World War I began

8. New Weapons and Fighting Tactics • Trench Warfare • No-man’s-land • Machine guns • Tanks • Poison gas • Submarines (U-Boats) • Airplanes • Dogfights • Top German: Manfred von Richtofen AKA “Red Baron” • Top American: Edward Rickenbacker • Zeppelins (blimps)

9. Ch. 12 Sec. 2 The United States Goes to War

10. US Approach Before the War As a country: • Took position of neutrality • Viewed as strictly European matter • Isolationists- stay out of other countries’ affairs

11. Citizens: • Sympathized with European countries because many citizens were immigrants • Most sided with Allied Powers • Propaganda influenced opinions

12. Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915 German U-Boat sank British ship Lusitania which had 128 Americans on board What caused the US to enter the War?

13. Sussex Pledge Violated • Sussex Pledge- promise by Germany that they would not attack ships without warning (1916) • Germany resumed full-scale U-Boat warfare in 1917 • Hoped that they could defeat allies before US joined the war

14. Zimmermann Note • Sent in 1917 by Arthur Zimmermann of Germany to Mexico • Proposed a secret alliance against the US saying that Germany would help Mexico get the land back that they lost in the Mexican-American war if they helped Germany win the war • Telegram intercepted by Great Britain

15. Russian Revolution • The Communist Party (Bolsheviks) took over in Russia in 1917 • US felt it was their duty to protect democracy • Russia backed out of the war

16. Preparing for War • 1916 Wilson passed the National Defense Act • Increased the size of the army from 90,000 to 175,000 • Still did not enter the war, just preparing • Due to the German violation of Sussex Pledge and the Zimmermann Note the US could not avoid war • Congress declared war on April 4, 1917

17. Mobilizing the Troops • Selective Service Act passed May 17, 1914 • Required men ages 21-30 to register for draft • Later changed to 18-45 • More than ½ of soldiers who served in the war were drafted

18. The US Entry into WWI EVENT March 1917 March 1916 February 1917 April 1917 Germany attacks several passenger ships (Sussex, Lusitania) Zimmermann Note discovered and published in American newspapers Germany resumes full scale U-boat warfare The Senate declares war SIGNIFICANCE Note proves German hostility towards Americans and the war US begins to prepare for war; arming ships; cut diplomatic ties Pres. Wilson threatens to cut diplomatic ties; Germany makes the Sussex Pledge US joins the war on the side of the Allies

19. Ch. 12 Sec. 3 The War at Home

20. Raising Money War cost $35 billion for US Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds sold Increased taxes Mobilizing the Nation

21. Conserving Resources • Food Administration and Fuel Administration created • 2 Goals • Encourage increased agricultural production • Conserve existing food supplies • Victory gardens • Limit wheat and meat intake • Encouraged to ration food

22. War Industries Board (WIB) • Created to allocate scarce materials, establish production priorities, and set prices

23. Mobilizing Workers • National War Labor Board (NWLB) created in 1918 • Settled disputes between workers and employers • Labor shortage strengthened unions • Women entered workforce to do “men’s jobs” • Role in WWI led to the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 (women’s suffrage)

24. Great Migration • Higher wages and more job opportunities caused Great Migration • 1915-1930 • Thousands of African Americans moved North to escape discrimination and take advantage of job opportunities • Allowed for a better standard of living • Discrimination still existed

25. Great Migration-states in blue represent largest population gain; states in red represent largest population loss

26. Propaganda and Government Control • Committee on Public Information (CPI) created in 1917 • Created propaganda to encourage Americans to support war • Resulted in discrimination towards German-Americans

27. Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) • Outlawed acts of treason • Made it illegal to speak, write, or print anything disloyal about the government, flag, or military