Starter

1. Starter MEDCS mostly export …. LEDCs mostly export……. China’s African policy was released in _______This was…. China’s interest in Africa dates from the mid_______ and has been based on international ______ and securing quantities of ____ ________ Trade between Africa and China increased from $3billion to over $____ billion in 2005 One _______ of China’s energy imports now comes from______ with _______ being the largest supplier Major ________ transnational's are becoming increasingly concerned as they are finding it difficult to compete with incentives offered by China. ___________ transfer is another important aspect of economic development for example. ….

2. Starter MEDCS mostly export machinary, transport, chemicals, agri products and services LEDCs mostly export raw materials and agri products . China’s African policy was released in 2006This was official Chinese government paper aimed at promoting eco and pol cooperation. China’s interest in Africa dates from the mid 1990s and has been based on international trade and securing quantities of raw materials Trade between Africa and China increased from $3billion to over $32 billion in 2005 One third of China’s energy imports now comes from Africa with Angola being the largest supplier Major mining transnational's are becoming increasingly concerned as they are finding it difficult to compete with incentives offered by China. Technology transfer is another important aspect of economic development for example. Space satelites and weapons.

3. Superpower Geographies2. Impacts and influences of Superpowers a) The changes from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial ruleb) Key roles in international decision making, policy and action c) Control of trade d) Superpower influence in the idea of developing a ‘global culture’ • Learning Objectives: • Understand the Nature and control of trade • Evaluate the control of trade in terms of generating wealth, power and global influence • Assess the role of trade with particular reference to China

5. Jobs One bureaucrats in the World Bank. The bank's job is to quality check the products and write down all the deposits in the different bank account as well as adding 10% interest every 2 minutes. me The game's facilitator - UN. The facilitator's role is to lead the game, observe how things develop and sometimes change the development of the game by introducing new elements.– Miss P Countries- make as much money as you can!

6. Instructions • All products must have sharp ends, be cut by a pair of scissors and have the exact size. • When you have produced 5 examples of one product you can present this to the Bank. If the quality is good enough the amount of money your products are worth will be written down in your bank account. • Every 10 minutes the Bank will add 10% interest to the amount of money already in your account. • You are only allowed to use distributed resources and equipment. • You are not allowed to use physical force or violence. • The facilitator, who represents the UN, will mediate in case of disputes between countries. • Only what is already in your bank account when the game ends counts when the result is summarised.

7. What to produce

8. How developed is your country? USA Japan India Brazil Tanzania Mozambique

9. What was not fair about the game? • What does the game tell us about the real world? • How does it feel to be rich? • How does it feel to be poor? • Why is it so difficult to change an unfair system? • Who owns the world's natural resources? • Who owns the world's technology?

10. The Nature and control of trade List as many ways and examples of controlling trade in the global system

11. International Trade • The world trade system is essential a western ‘free trade’ one • The USA and EU have been very influential at the World Trade Organisation in the past • The World’s three major stock markets (London, New York and Tokyo) are all in the ‘west’ • In a globalised world, TNCs play a crucial role in world trade, and most TNCs originate in the EU and USA • Emerging superpowers, especially China, have taken advantage of global trade to develop and grow

12. World Trade patterns International trade has been and continues to be a determinant of inequality around the world. TRADE FACTS • 75% of world exports from LEDC’s. • 25% of world exports from MEDC’s. • 63% of world manufacturing export from MEDC’s. Map of trade flows from and to the USA.

13. Trade patterns

14. Share of world trade over time

15. Recap: TRADING BLOCS • What is a trading bloc? • Can you identify the following trading blocs? • NAFTA • EU • MERCOSUR • ASEAN • Can you name any others? • What are the advantages of trading blocs? • What are the disadvantages of trading blocs? • How do trading blocs affect countries on the outside?

16. Role of the WTO • Series of trade agreements since 1950s • Have removed: • Taxes and tariffs on imports • Quotas on imports • Subsidies for domestic producers Lead to a huge growth in world trade especially in places such as Asia – China and India

17. What is wrong with the current global trading system? • Describe and explain the patterns shown

18. Free Trade? • Much of the current trade takes place between countries which are members of a trade bloc e.g. EU as it tends to be tariff free • Developing countries outside a trade bloc have trade barriers which prevent access to markets

19. Starter- Complete the gap fill on your sheets.

20. Starter MEDCS mostly export machinary, transport, chemicals, agri products and services LEDCs mostly export raw materials and agri products . China’s African policy was released in 2006This was official Chinese government paper aimed at promoting eco and pol cooperation. China’s interest in Africa dates from the mid 1990s and has been based on international trade and securing quantities of raw materials Trade between Africa and China increased from $3billion to over $32 billion in 2005 One third of China’s energy imports now comes from Africa with Angola being the largest supplier Major mining transnational's are becoming increasingly concerned as they are finding it difficult to compete with incentives offered by China. Technology transfer is another important aspect of economic development for example. Space satelites and weapons.

21. International Trade • The world trade system is essential a western ‘free trade’ one • The USA and EU have been very influential at the World Trade Organisation in the past • The World’s three major stock markets (London, New York and Tokyo) are all in the ‘west’ • In a globalised world, TNCs play a crucial role in world trade, and most TNCs originate in the EU and USA • Emerging superpowers, especially China, have taken advantage of global trade to develop and grow

22. The Nature and control of trade List as many ways and examples of controlling trade in the global system

23. The Scramble for Africa

24. China’s interest in Africa • Africa did not have a diplomatic and economic policy with USA, Europe or Japan • China began trading with Africa to the sum of $32 billion in 2005 (an increase of $29 billion since 1995) • 1/3 rd of China’s energy imports come from China Critics: • An example of neo-colonialism • Support for Zimbabwe etc – legitimising dictatorships • China supports Sudan enough though the government supported the genocide in Darfur

25. China strengthens ties and trade with Africa

26. Critique? – The Chambishi Copper Mine, Zambia Copper is a mineral that China needs in abundance in its expanding manufacturing industries. Seeking out new sources of copper, China reopened the Chambishi mine in Zambia’s ‘copperbelt’ after it had been closed for more than a decade. The mine is in the middle of the copperbelt, 360 km from the capital, Lusaka. It is one of the largest Chinese-invested mining projects in Africa. Although the mine has provided many jobs in an area of high unemployment, workers at the mine have been critical of Chinese ownership for a number of reasons.

27. a poor safety record: 51 miners died in an explosion at a subsidiary plant in 2005 • reductions in workers’ benefits: miners are no longer eligible for the relatively generous benefits that were available when the mine was in state hands; previous social programmes such as mine-sponsored football teams are also lacking • the hostile attitude to trade unions, with workers being threatened with dismissal when they pushed for better conditions • low wages, with workers paid as little as £53 a month, despite rising copper prices.

28. The poor conditions at the Chambishi mine were highlighted in a Christian Aid report published in early 2007. In particular, the report pointed to the lack of social programmes and the hard-line attitude of mine managers. The report described how two miners were shot and injured (either by Chinese security guards or Zambian police) when they were protesting about wages outside the Chinese managers’ compound. The report said that the shooting ‘confirmed in the popular imagination the idea that Chinese bosses were uniquely brutal and exploitative, and that the Zambian state’s relationship to them was too close.’

29. Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Chinese investment Colour code the table you have been given to assess the costs and benefits of Chinese investment in Africa. Using the information you have gathered today, place yourself on the opinion line. Beneficial Exploitation _______________________________________

30. How trade keeps some countries poor.

31. Trade and development It is difficult to achieve economic development without economic growth. Growth  increase in wealth  improved living standards (and eventually higher HDI). In the 1940’s therefore, economists in MEDC’s believed poor countries needed to industrialise  increase in manufactured goods for export, rather than relying on exporting raw materials (cheaper, unreliable market, agricultural products are volatile)  increased economic growth and in turn, development.

32. How was this going to be achieved? • Poor countries should take on Western-style capitalism (potentially good for political situation too, as democracy is seen to be fairer) • The wealth that was generated would ‘trickle down’:money  resources for industry  more goods being produced  more trade  even more economic growth • Poor countries should promote neoliberal ideologies – the ideas of free trade, economic growth and efficiency, and open markets, that Thatcher and Reagan promoted in the 1980’s.

33. What was their big assumption?? That the poorer countries in the South needed to develop in the same way that the richer countries of the North had done since the mid C19th, in order to achieve economic growth.