Chapter 11: The Respiratory System

1. Chapter 11: The Respiratory System

2. Chapter Objectives • Roles of oxygen and carbon dioxide and how each is carried in the blood. • Respiratory tract and functions of each part. • Breathing mechanism, the roles of the diaphragm and phrenic nerve. • Word parts pertaining to the respiratory system. • Major disorders of the respiratory system. • Medical terms related to breathing & diseases of the respiratory system. • 10 volumes & capacities commonly used to measure pulmonary function. • Abbreviations commonly used with reference to the respiratory system.

3. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function

4. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

5. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

6. Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

7. Key TermsDisorders

8. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

9. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

10. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

11. Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)

12. Key TermsDiagnosis

13. Key TermsDiagnosis (cont’d)

14. Supplementary TermsNormal Structure and Function

15. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions

16. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

17. Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

18. Supplementary TermsDisorders

19. Supplementary TermsDiagnosis

20. Supplementary TermsTreatment

21. Supplementary TermsTreatment (cont’d)

22. Supplementary TermsSurgery

23. Supplementary TermsDrugs

24. Abbreviations

25. Abbreviations (cont’d)

26. Abbreviations (cont’d)

27. Abbreviations (cont’d)

28. Abbreviations (cont’d)

29. Abbreviations (cont’d)

30. Respiratory System • Main functions: • Provide oxygen to cells • Eliminate carbon dioxide • Works closely with cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange • External gas exchange occurs between atmosphere and blood • Internal gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues

31. Respiratory System

32. Upper Respiratory Passageways • Air enters through nose, past sinus cavities • Air then passes through pharynx • Pharynx divided into three regions: • Nasopharynx (upper) • Oropharynx (middle) • Laryngeal (lower)

33. Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs • Larynx contains vocal cords (allows speech) • Trachea is tube with C-shaped cartilage rings (divides into bronchus) • Bronchial System consists of bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

34. Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs (cont’d) • Lungs • Right is larger and has 3 lobes • Left has 2 lobes • Covered by pleura • Parietal (outer) • Visceral (inner)

35. Suffixes for Respiration

36. Roots for Respiratory Passageways

37. The Larynx

38. Breathing • Ventilation made up of: • Inspiration • Phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contract and flatten • Chest cavity enlarges • Change in pressure causes air to be pulled in • Expiration • Breathing muscles relax • Lungs return to original size • Air forced out

39. Roots for the Lungs and Breathing

40. Pulmonary Ventilation

41. Gas Transport • Oxygen in blood • Attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells • Released to cells as needed • Carbon dioxide mostly as carbonic acid • Amount formed regulates blood pH

42. Clinical Aspects of Respiration • Pulmonary function affected by conditions that: • Cause resistance to air flow • Limit proper expansion of chest • Conditions directly affecting respiratory system: • Infection • Injury • Allergy • Aspiration • Cancer

43. Clinical Aspects of Respiration (cont’d) • Changes in ventilation affect pH of blood • Alkalosis = too much carbon dioxide exhaled by hyperventilation (blood too alkaline) • Acidosis = too little carbon dioxide exhaled by hypoventilation (blood too acidic)

44. Infections • Pneumonia • Caused by several different microorganisms • Types: bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia • Leading cause of death in debilitated patients • Tuberculosis • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Symptoms: fever, weight loss, weakness, cough, Hemoptysis (sputum with blood)

45. Infections (cont’d) • Influenza • Viral disease of respiratory tract • Symptoms: chills, fever, headaches and muscular aches • Common cold • Types: rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus

46. Emphysema • Overexpansion and destruction of alveoli • Causes: • Exposure to cigarette smoke or pollution • Chronic infection • Classified under chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) heading

47. Asthma • Narrowing of bronchial tubes • Main factor may be irritation caused by allergy • Symptom of wheezing indicated by: • Constriction of bronchial tubes • Edema of bronchial linings • Accumulation of mucus • Extreme “attacks” may result in: • Dyspnea • Cyanosis

48. Pneumoconiosis • Chronic irritation and inflammation • Caused by inhalation of dust particles • Occupational hazard of mining and stonework • Different forms named for specific dusts: • Silicosis (silica or quartz) • Anthracosis (coal) • Asbestosis (asbestos fibers)

49. Lung Cancer • Leading cause of cancer related deaths in men and women • Cigarette smoking is major factor • Cannot be detected early, metastasizes rapidly • Overall survival rate is low • Diagnosed by: • Radiographic studies • CT scans • Sputum examination • Bronchoscope

50. Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Occurs in premature infants • Results from lack of surfactant in lungs • Acute respiratory distress syndrome • May result from: • Trauma • Allergic reactions • Infection • Other causes • Involves edema that can cause respiratory failure