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African Kingdoms

African Kingdoms. The Post- Classical Era. Objective: To understand and analyze the effects of African trading kingdoms on the Post- Classical Era. Ms. Costa . Early Civilizations of Africa:. Great Rift Valley Nile Valley ( Ancient Egypt) Desertification- Bantu Migrations

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African Kingdoms

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  1. African Kingdoms The Post- Classical Era Objective: To understand and analyze the effects of African trading kingdoms on the Post- Classical Era. Ms. Costa 

  2. Early Civilizations of Africa: • Great Rift Valley • Nile Valley ( Ancient Egypt) • Desertification- Bantu Migrations • Kingdom of Nubia • Great Zimbabwe • North Africa- Carthage • Trade & Camel Caravans • Introduction of Islam 600

  3. Civilizations on the Nile: Ancient Egypt Ancient Nubia 6000 BC hunting and fishing communities South of Egypt along Nile 3100 BC start of kingdoms Greatest city Napata- 724 conquered Egypt rule for 60 yrs. Later kingdom established South of Nubia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tp6P_hBnF1s&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL06DEB820AFD029A5 • Flooding of the Nile- silt for farming • 5,000 BC people begin farming- scattered villages • Ruled by kings & queens (pharaohs = Gods) • Large burial tombs & pyramids for afterlife • Use of hieroglyphics • Skill in paper-making, architecture, medicine and astronomy

  4. North African Trading Powers Rise and Fall of Carthage Roman and Islamic Influences Cities grew up in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia under Roman Empire Spread of Christianity Roman roads Fall of Rome 476 AD compete for control of N. Africa 600s Arab traders took Egypt and N. Africa- spread of Islam N. Africans spread Islam to W. Africa • 800 BC Phoenicians establish Carthage (Tunisia) • Powerful city-state of N. Africa • Textiles, metals, slaves, & food • Dominate Med. Trade 500 BC-200BC • War with Rome- lose and fall to Roman Empire 146

  5. The Roman Empire

  6. Gold for Salt: • Dominate trans-Saharan trade • Plentiful gold in Ghana, Nigeria & Senegal (Savanna of W. Africa) • North Africa wants gold to make coins (Have Salt) • City of Taghaza salt blocks used to build houses • Salt is going South • Gold is going North • West Africans trade for salt- necessity for diets • Control of gold supply =wealthy trade kingdoms

  7. Ghana: “Land of Gold” (700-1000) • Sonike people • Between Niger & Senegal Rivers • Use of Iron • Lavish court set up • Dominate gold/salt trade • Go-between for North African traders & gold and ivory producers of South • Import: cloth, broaches, copper & salt • Export: Gold • Trade with Berbers from N. Africa

  8. Ghana: Trade & Islam • Ghana’s kings grew rich- tax on imports/exports • Islam: though in contact with Muslim traders, Ghana kept traditional religion • Tolerant and welcome Muslims • 1050 Almoravids- campaign to spread Islam/ invasions

  9. Mali: “Where the King Dwells”(1200-1450) • Mandinke people • Famous for weaving, mining, and architecture • Sundiata- founder • Takes over old empire- encompass parts of Ghana • Greatest leader Mansa Musa 1312 (takes salt mines to the North) • MM Enlarges empire- Adopts Islam • Assembly of Kings- legal code • Timbuktu- center of scholarship/ wealth • IbnBatutta“There is complete security in their country.” Trade: Gold, Salt, cloth, books & Copper :

  10. The Emperor’s Hajj: • 1324 sets out for Mecca with caravan • Pass through Cairo • Egyptians in Awe – shows wealth of kingdom • New trading ties • Return with Muslim scholars, artists, writers, teachers & architects • Building of mosques in Gao & Timbuktu • Decline – after MM dies his successor are weak

  11. Songhai: 1300s • Founded by Sonni-Ali – bring trading cities under his control • Great military leader – takes over Timbuktu • Gao = capital • Largest empire • Asika Muhammad- military and administration (height of kingdom under him) • Asika makes pilgrimage brings Muslim scholars to Timbuktu • 1400 Timbuktu center of learning • 1586 invasions from North Education: Uniform weights & measures, banking and credit

  12. Other Kingdoms of West Africa: Benin The Hausa: 1300 walled cities of clay Thriving commercial centers Merchants trade with Arabs and Berbers Develop a written language based on Arabic Hausa rulers- some are women Gain control of Saharan trade routes  Rose in forests of Guniea near Equator • 1300 kingdoms emerge • King is political and religious leader (Ewuare) • 3 mile long wall around city • Palace with bronze

  13. East African Trading Kingdoms: The Post Classical Age

  14. East African Kingdoms • Trade with Middle East, Persia, India, China • E. African coast good harbors and cities • City-States: a large town that has its own government & usually controls the surrounding countryside • Trade at coastal and inland cities – Malindi, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Mogadishu, Sofala & Kilwa • Traders brought slaves, ivory, gold, and animal skins from interior of Africa to coast • Other trade use trade winds to sail across Indian Ocean using monsoons • Arabs bring Islam to E. Africa • Development of Swahili (Arab blended with local lang.)

  15. The Kingdom of Axum: • Christian missionaries 1st introduce Christianity to Ethiopia AD 300 • AD 500 Spread to Nubia • Kingdom of Axum grew as Arab & African traders settle on Red Sea • 600 decline bc Arabs • 1200 re-mergence of Christian stronghold King Lalaibela • 11 Rock churches

  16. The Kingdom of AXUM

  17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkEvbZZ1FuU&feature=related BBC: THE LOST KINGDOM OF AXUM

  18. The Great Kingdom of Zimbabwe: • Inland & South from E. African City States • Located near Limpopo • Connect to I.O. Trade • Height 1300- rulers organized large kingdom/Cntrl gold mines • Zimbabwe = “great stone house” • Today stone buildings, city walls, fortresses, and homes still stand • Archeologists found porcelain from China, beads from India • 1500s power struggle decline

  19. Sources: BBC Lost Kingdoms of Africa Google Images

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