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Territorial Government Indian Wars

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Territorial Government Indian Wars

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    1. Territorial Government & Indian Wars Chapter 7 Washington State History

    2. Increasing Tension between Indians & Whites over LAND

    3. Reasons for Conflict 1) DECLINE OF THE FUR TRADE Did not stop pioneers from coming to Oregon Country Approximately 5,000 pioneers living in region by 1847 & more coming each year Pioneers initiated new economic activities: farming, ranching, logging, mining & many others

    4. Reasons for Conflict New economic activities required more land – pioneers took whatever land they found & needed (regardless if the Indians gave them permission to do so) Pioneers did not give Indians anything in return for use of land – they resented the presence of the Indians Indians felt pioneers were taking away their livelihood – NOT happy about this at all.

    5. Reasons for Conflict 2) TREATY SYSTEM & INDIAN REMOVAL Indians made up a significant portion of the population east of the Mississippi River & were a powerful military force. U.S. signed treaties with largest tribes ?acknowledged sanctity of their land ?treated Indians tribes as separate countries By 1828 population shifted – more Americans than Indians ?this meant Americans needed more land

    6. Reasons for Conflict Indian Removal Act (1830) ?signed into law by President Andrew Jackson ?required all Indians in eastern U.S. to settle on reservations west of Mississippi River Indians in Oregon Country became worried & this led to even more distrust of the white pioneers

    9. The Whitman Massacre – WHY did it happen? Whitmans were alarmed by Indian behavior. ?Indians seemed to treat Whitmans as if they were servants to the tribe, providing goods & services ?Indians felt the goods & services provided to them by the Whitmans were payment for the use of the land Indians became unsettled when Marcus Whitman returned with 900 pioneers in 1843

    10. The Whitman Massacre – WHY did it happen? Indians (specifically the Cayuse) felt that the missionaries were encouraging more & more pioneers to come & displace the Indians Measles epidemic broke out among whites & local Indians ?both white pioneers & Indians brought their sick to Dr. Whitman ?Cayuse noticed that his white patients were more likely to recover than sick Indians (they didn’t understand that Indians had no natural immunity like whites did)

    11. The Whitman Massacre – WHY did it happen? ?rumors arose that Dr. Whitman was intentionally killing the Cayuse Indians rather than treating them. This rumor combined with previous tensions encouraged Indians to take revenge.

    12. The Whitman Massacre November 29, 1847 2 Cayuse Indians attacked Whitmans inside their home Resulted in 14 whites murdered; 47 women & children captured & taken hostage – freed a month later after negotiations between white pioneer militia & Cayuse Indians

    13. The Whitman Massacre Next two years the Cayuse were pursued by the militia Cayuse eventually turned over the 5 Cayuse warriors responsible for the massacre ?they went to trial ?found guilty & sentenced to death ?hung on June 3, 1850

    14. The Whitman Massacre – Missionary Response PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES Alarmed & feared similar attacks Most moved to Willamette River Valley or Fort Vancouver CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES Continued to work, travel & live amongst Indians Had better relations w/Indians & saw no reason to fear them Many other whites in the region suspected that they were conspiring w/Indians to kill Protestant rivals

    15. Oregon Territory Organic Act of 1848 ?creation of Oregon Territory ?included modern states of OR, WA, ID & small parts of western MT It’s purpose: ?extend American government to the region ?part of a national movement of expansion & organization

    16. Oregon Territory Creation of territory brought a MAJOR change to the region ?territorial government was created ?now under jurisdiction of federal government ?brought about a sense of order & stability in the region

    17. Expansion of the West Texas – broke away from Mexico in 1835 and joined U.S. in 1845 After Mexican War a treaty was signed & U.S. gained control of: ?California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah & Colorado Small strip of land in southern AZ & NM was added in 1853 Between 1848-1853 U.S. added the territories of: Oregon, Nebraska, Kansas, Utah, Minnesota, & Washington

    18. Washington Territory Granted incorporated territorial status in 1853 ?incorporated territory: based on territory’s population ?first phase territory: any territory with a population of free white males under 5,000 ?second phase territory: a territory with a population of more than 5,000 free white males

    20. Territorial Government & Indians

    21. Treaties & Reservations Tension between Indians & white settlers/pioneers continued to grow because: ?Oregon & Washington territories were established ?territorial governments were put in to place ?meant that white settlers/pioneers were in the area permanently

    22. Treaties & Reservations In order for WA territory to become a state they needed to increase their population. The secret to doing this? LAND Donation Land Claim Act – 1850 ?granted 320 acres of free land to any white male citizen over the age of 18 ?married couples could claim 640 acres ?recipients of free land just had to occupy their claim for 4 years as well as develop it

    23. Treaties & Reservations ONE PROBLEM… presence of large Indian tribes that would NOT tolerate large migrations of American pioneers claiming HUGE portions of land How did the U.S. government solve this problem? negotiate w/Indians & convince them to settle on reservations ?reservation: land set aside solely for the use of Indians

    24. Peace Treaties Isaac Stevens ?Washington Territorial Governor ?Superintendent of Indian Affairs (negotiated w/Indians to settle on reservations) ?sent to negotiate peace treaties w/Coastal & Plateau tribes

    25. Peace Treaties Gov. Stevens began with Coastal tribes ?negotiated 5 treaties ?simple to negotiate as these tribes required less territory than Plateau tribes ?some limitations were put in place regarding hunting & fishing areas ?Coastal tribes were to live in established reservations west of Cascade Mtns

    26. Peace Treaties IMPORTANT NOTE: ?most Coastal tribes did not understand terms of the treaties ?few of them understood they were signing away their lands for life ?misunderstanding due to cultural differences & language barriers

    27. Peace Treaties Next, Gov. Stevens negotiated w/Plateau tribes ?difficult due to their nomadic lifestyle that did not translate well to a sedentary (inactive) lifestyle on a reservation ?asked Plateau tribes to meet at Mill Creek for the Walla Walla Council - a meeting to negotiate treaties

    28. Walla Walla Council (Peace Treaties) Began on May 21, 1855 Nearly 5,000 Plateau Indians in attendance Lasted for 13 days 3 treaties were negotiated w/18 tribes These treaties cleared 22 million acres of land for new settlers Many Indians resented Gov. Stevens & felt he had an arrogant and condescending attitude towards the Indians Some tribes had NOT signed treaties

    29. The Yakama Wars What caused the wars? ?deep mistrust of pioneers ?rumors & stories about broken treaties in other parts of the U.S. ?2 miners panning for gold on Yakama Indian land if gold were found U.S. govt would swoop in & not treat Indians well Miners were killed – federal agent sent to check it out & he was killed?Yakama Wars began

    30. The Yakama Wars Lasted approximately one year After a few small battles the conflict slowed to a halt U. S. Army built Fort Simcoe on Yakama Reservation to house troops & monitor the activities of the Yakama tribe

    31. The Spokane War Spokane Indians did not sign treaty at Walla Walla Council Able to avoid signing treaty because: ?they were a powerful tribe ?location of land was far from major population areas & few settlers wanted to take their lands Situation changed in May 1858 Gold miners arrived near Colville & this meant larger white settlements Soldiers arrived with gold miners to protect from Indian attacks

    32. The Spokane War Spokane Indians (along w/allies) confronted soldiers & the war began By Sept 1858, Indians were worn down and surrendered. U.S. Army captured & killed over 900 Indian horses (Indians lost their mobility & ability to fight) Defeated Indians had no choice but to move on to reservations Only small, local instances of violence occurred No more large scale wars were fought in WA territory

    33. Nez Perce Retreat Nez Perce tribe had a reputation for being accommodating & peaceful Lived in 3 different areas: ?SE Washington, NE Oregon, W Idaho Gold was found in NE Oregon tribal lands ?they refused to move ?govt officials spoke to tribal members living in western Idaho & that chief signed away the land

    34. Nez Perce Retreat U.S. Army met w/Nez Perce chiefs to discuss situation ?chiefs refused to sign agreement that was originally signed by someone that had no authority to do so ?U.S. agreed lands were illegally taken from tribe ?didn’t matter, Nez Perce still had to leave NE Oregon land & move to western Idaho reservation ?small group of Nez Perce were angered by this & got revenge ?U.S. Army troops were sent out – they eventually caught up w/ Nez Perce & the small conflict ended

    35. Moving Towards Statehood 1860 – most Indians in WA lived on a reservation Territory became a place for great opportunity for pioneer settlers WA territory went from a “hostile territory” to a place ready for the advancement of American civilization WA territory was “a land of ‘progress’, ready to embrace the ‘modern world’ and the ‘American dream’.” WA territory was becoming the PLACE TO BE

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