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Viruses in the Brain Hagop , Charlene, and Mollie

Viruses in the Brain Hagop , Charlene, and Mollie. The inflammation and infection of the fluid around the brain and the Meninges (the protective membranes covering the brain) Can be caused by either a virus or bacteria Bacterial Meningitis is more life threatening than Viral Meningitis.

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Viruses in the Brain Hagop , Charlene, and Mollie

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  1. Viruses in the BrainHagop, Charlene, and Mollie

  2. The inflammation and infection of the fluid around the brain and the Meninges (the protective membranes covering the brain) • Can be caused by either a virus or bacteria • Bacterial Meningitis is more life threatening than Viral Meningitis Meningitis

  3. Causes/Diagnosis • Three types of bacteria: • -Haemophilus influenzae (Hib), Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae • Can be spread through fluids from the nose or throat, but not through air • Diagnosed by studying spinal fluid and noticing growing bacteria Meningitis in the brain

  4. Symptoms • Early symptoms include: • Fever, headache, stiff neck • nausea, confusion (more severe) • If the Disease isn’t treated: • -Can result in seizures, coma or death

  5. Treatment/Vaccines • Bacterial meningitis can be treated with different antibiotics depending on the type of bacteria infecting the brain • Vaccines for the different types of bacteria are available • Hib vaccine most popular and affective Hib Bacteria

  6. Bibliography Images http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cdn.sheknows.com/articles/hib-bacteria.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sheknows.com/health-and-wellness/articles/811197/hib-vaccine&usg=__G7eQ57iottTnrLzzCrwa26SbDGc=&h=399&w=600&sz=156&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=nwG4daAFjg0IfM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhib%2Bbacteria%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26tbs%3Disch:1 http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51ZINkgIrbL._SL500_AA300_.jpg http://www.aurorahealthcare.org/healthgate/images/si2230.jpg Text Bacterial Meningitis Facts http://www.dhpe.org/infect/Bacmeningitis.html Meningitis http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/lung/meningitis.html Meningitis in Adults http://www.webmd.com/brain/meningitis-in-adults

  7. Characteristics of Encephalitis • Encephalitis is a viral disease characterized by the infection and inflammation of the brain • The virus can be dormant in the body for long periods of time, but may be reactivated by factors such as stress and be carried through the bloodstream to the brain.

  8. Symptoms • Usually flu-like symptoms appear such as fever, fatigue, soreness, vomiting, headache, sensitivity to light, etc. • When a person has severe encephalitis, symptoms include seizures, memory loss, unbalanced reasoning, and even paralysis.

  9. How is Encephalitis diagnosed • CT Scans or MRI • EEG patterns may inform about the electrical activity of the brain • Spinal Tap, which gathers fluid from space around spinal cord and analyses the liquid.

  10. Cure for Encephalitis? • Encephalitis cannot be treated with antibiotics since it is a viral illness. • Severe cases depend on the age of the patient and the strength of the immune system (People with cancer or AIDS).

  11. How Encephalitis affects the brain • Swelling of the brain may occur as more fluid and unwanted substances enter it. • In turn, glia force themselves to suck up the fluid to protect the neurons. • White blood cells get activated as soon as chemicals from dead neurons get leaked. • As glia cleans up the mess, scar tissue forms and the brain changes structure.

  12. Normal Brain vs Infected Brain

  13. Bibliography • http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/encephalitis • http://healthguide.howstuffworks.com/viral-encephalitis-in-depth.htm • http://www.encephalitis.info/Info/Recovery/Impact/EffectsOnBrain.aspx

  14. HIV’seffect on the brain

  15. HIV: Characteristics • HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infects cells in immune system and central nervous system. • HIV infects T helper lymphocytes. (CRUCIAL to the immune system.) • In its later stages, HIV may affect the brain. • AIDS Dementia Complex: characterized by abnormalities in cognition, motor performance, and behavior. • Warning: *Causes not well understood!*

  16. How does HIV infect the brain? • The virus most likely crosses the blood brain barrier using infected immune cells. • Once in the brain, HIV does not directly infect neurons, but instead affects supporting cells that can release immune factors that harm neurons. • In up to 20% of people with HIV, the virus manages to escape from the bloodstream and cross into the brain, resulting in HIV-related dementia and other cognitive disorders.

  17. Diagnosing HIV-related Dementia • Mental status examination • Neuropsychological testing • Brain scans: MRI or CT scans • Lumbar puncture to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid • No single test alone can confirm the diagnosis.

  18. Symptoms: • Cortical thinning in the parietal and frontal lobes • Reduced blood flow to the brain • Thus, HIV-related dementia may result in the following symptoms: impaired cognition decline in memory lack of coordination unpredictable behavior

  19. Treatment? • Still working on it. • New anti-viral drugs are being tested in clinical trials. • Lots of research is being done!

  20. Sources: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100122102441.htm http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/recent/2008/090508_c.html http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/239/4840/586 http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/26390.php http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/292225-overview

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