Unit 5: The Growing Nation 1820-1860 pg. 330

1. Unit 5: The Growing Nation1820-1860 pg. 330 • Why It Matters: As you study Unit 5, you will learn how growth, migration, and conflict increased following the Industrial Revolution.

2. Ch. 11: The Jackson Era1824-1845 pg. 332 • Why It Matters: The struggle for political rights took shape in the 1820s and 1830s, when many people questioned the limits of American democracy. • The Impact Today: In the years since the Jackson era: • Women, African Americans, and other minorities have won the right to vote and to participate in the political process. • Today every United States citizen aged 18 or older, regardless of gender, race, or wealth, has the right to vote.

3. Section 1: Jacksonian Democracy pg. 334 • Main Idea: The United States political system changed under Andrew Jackson. • Key Terms: • Favorite Son • Majority • Plurality • Mudslinging • Landslide • Suffrage • Bureaucracy • Spoils System • Caucus • Nominating Convention • Tariff • Nullify • Secede

4. The Election of 1824 • John Quincy Adams was elected president in 1824. • William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay were the other Republican Party candidates. • No candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, so the House of Representatives selected the president.

5. Dirty Deals • Clay and Adams struck a deal. • Clay agreed to use his influence as speaker of the house to defeat Jackson, hoping to gain the secretary of state post in return. • Adams did name Clay as secretary of state. • Andrew Jackson’s followers accused the two men of making a corrupt bargainand stealing the election.

6. Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams

7. Adams Presidency • His policies ran against popular opinion. • He wanted a stronger navy, scientific expeditions supported by gov’t funds, and direct federal involvement in economic growth. • Congress turned down many of his proposals. • Some members of Congress wanted a more limited role for the federal government.

8. The Election of 1828 • The election was a vicious campaign between Jackson and Adams. • The party divided into two: • The Democratic-Republicans nominated Jackson • Democratic Republicans favored states’ rights. • The National Republicans nominated Adams. • Supported strengthening of national government

9. Election of 1828 • New elements were introduced in the 1828 election, and many became a permanent part of election campaigns. • 1. Mudslinging, or attempts to ruin the opponent with insults • 2. Election slogans, rallies, buttons, and campaign events.

10. "Mrs. Jackson once found her husband in tears pointing to a paragraph reflecting on his mother and said, 'Myself I can defend; you I can defend; but now they have assailed even the memory of my mother."

12. VICTORY FOR OLD HICKORY!!!! • Jackson won the election in a landslide. • He received the most votes of the new frontier states and many votes in the South. • John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, who had served as Adam’s vice president, switched parties to run with Jackson.

13. Jackson as President Jackson was an American success story. He went from being a member of a poor farm family to being a war hero to becoming president of the U.S.

14. He is………….

15. “Most Interesting Man in the World!”

16. “Democracy for everyone…Well kinda!” • Democracy broadened under Jackson. • He promised “equal protection and equal benefits” for all Americans, at least for white American men. • Between 1824 and 1828, the percentage of white voting males in presidential elections increased from 36.9 to 57.6%. The right to vote, or suffrage, continued to expand for white men. In 1840 more than 80% of white males voted in the presidential elections.

17. By 1828 state constitutions changed to allow people, not state legislatures, to choose presidential electors. Graph of voter turnout in the United States presidential elections from 1824 to 2008

18. Jackson as President • Jackson instituted the spoils system. He replaced gov’t employees with his supporters. • The fired workers were angry and protested. • Jackson felt that a new group of employees would be good for democracy. • Wanted those who supported his ideals and programs • Many saw him as a tyrant

19. Expanding Democracy • Jackson’s supporters made the political system more democratic by abandoning the caucus system and replacing it with nominating conventions. • Instead of major political candidates being chosen by committees of members of Congress, state delegates would select the party’s presidential candidate. • More people could now participate in the selection process.

20. Nominating Conventions • The first national party convention for the Democrats was in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1832. • Convention drew delegates from each state that would nominate a candidate receiving two-thirds of the vote. • Jackson was nominated.

21. IV. The Tariff Debate pgs. 338-339 • In 1828 Congress passed a very high tariff on goods imported from Europe. • This tariff made European goods more expensive. • Manufacturers in the U.S., especially the Northeast, were happy because they thought Americans would now be even more likely to buy American-made products.

22. IV. The Tariff Debate pgs. 338-339 • Southerners hated the tariff and protested • They traded their cotton with Europe for manufactured goods. • Now they would have to pay more for these items. • South did not produce as many goods as the north, and relied on imports to acquire basic goods • Further strengthened sectionalism

23. South stands up to resist! • Some Southerners called for the Southern states to secede, or break away and form their own gov’t. • John C. Calhoun, a believer in states’ rights argued for nullification, or canceling a federal law it considered unconstitutional, and for secession. • states have rights and powers independent of the federal gov’t • states should be able to have the last word on decisions affecting them.

24. The Webster-Hayne debate • Was a response to these issues. • In January, 1830, Senator Daniel Webster challenged the speech given by Robert Hayne, a senator from South Carolina who defended the right of states to nullify acts of the federal gov’t and to secede. • Webster defended the Constitution and the Union arguing that nullification would cause the end of the Union.

25. IV. The Tariff Debate cont. • Jackson defended the Union, saying that it must be preserved. • Vice President Calhoun was shocked. • When he won election to the Senate in December 1832, he resigned as vice president.

26. Foreshadowing! • The nullification crisis grew, and the threat of the Union splitting apart intensified. • In 1832 Congress passed a new, lower tariff, hoping that the Southern protest would die down. • But it did not.

27. Nullification Act • South Carolina’s state legislature passed the Nullification Act, saying that it would not pay the “illegal” tariffs of 1828 and 1832. • The South Carolina legislature threatened to secede if the federal gov’t interfered.

28. Force Bill Pay your taxes or else…. • Jackson supported a compromise bill by Clay, lowering the tariff. • He also made sure that the South would accept it. • He persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill, which allowed the president to use the U.S. military to enforce acts of Congress.

29. Gone but not forgotten! • South Carolina accepted the compromise tariff and state leaders voted to put aside the Nullification Act. • The crisis between a state and the federal gov’t was over for the time being.