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Biology

Biology. MACROMOLECULES: The Molecules of Life. Carbon. Carbon can form 4 bonds Organic molecules contain carbon with O & H (carbohydrates) Inorganic molecules are all others ( H 2 O, NaCl ) Hydrocarbons are molecules of C & H (methane, CH 4 ). http://www.google.com/imgres.

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Biology

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  1. Biology MACROMOLECULES: The Molecules of Life

  2. Carbon Carbon can form 4 bonds Organic molecules contain carbon with O & H (carbohydrates) Inorganic molecules are all others (H2O, NaCl) Hydrocarbons are molecules of C & H (methane, CH4) http://www.google.com/imgres

  3. Functional groups are variable groups of atoms that are attached to C skeletons; these determine the properties of the molecule Hydrophilic–water loving (attract water) Hydrophobic–water fearing http://www.google.com/imgres

  4. Monomers are small units of biochemicals; polymers are larger subunits. There are 4macromolecules(large molecules) found in living organisms: • Carbohydrates (sugars) • Lipids (fats) • Proteins • Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

  5. Macromolecules • Carbohydrates: This is the usable energy source. These are sugars, starches, & cellulose that store energy & provide shape to organisms. • Contain 1 C: 2 H: 1 O (ratio) • Hydrophilic http://www.google.com/imgres

  6. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides(“single sugars”) like glucose & fructose http://www.google.com/imgres

  7. Carbohydrates: Disaccharides (“double sugars”) like sucrose (table sugar) http://www.google.com/imgres

  8. Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides (“many sugars”) can be storage sugars like starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) or structural like cellulose (in plants’ cell walls) http://www.google.com/imgres

  9. Lipids: These are fats (saturated & unsaturated), oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids (like cholesterol) that provide long-term storage of energy. • Hydrophobic http://www.google.com/imgres

  10. Lipids: provide insulationin whales & penguins, repel water in plants, protect plants, provide waterproofing & protection for birds, provide structure & control for cells, main component for cell membranes http://www.google.com/imgres

  11. Proteins: These are composed of amino acids. • They make up 50% of the dry weight of your body • There are only 20 amino acids, 1000’s of proteins http://www.google.com/imgres

  12. Proteins can bedenatured (shape falls apart) due to a change in pH, [salt] or temp change. • Enzymesare 1 group of proteins that speed up chemical reactions • a protein catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction • A catalyst is a substance that speeds up or slows down as reaction without being consumed or used up in the reaction http://www.google.com/imgres

  13. Enzymes Activation energy is the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction; enzymes lower activation energy An enzyme binds witha substrate (a reactant); the substrate fits into anactive site. http://www.google.com/imgres

  14. Nucleic Acids: This is the genetic material (DNA and RNA) • DNAis deoxyribonucleic acid; controls cellular activities. • RNA is ribonucleic acid; contains instructions to make proteins. http://www.google.com/imgres

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