Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

1. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform Key Concept 5.3

2. Outline • Ideas from the Enlightenment Spark Governmental Changes • Political Revolutions in the Atlantic World • American Revolution • French Revolution • Haiti • Latin America • Political Revolutions in China • Results of rapid urbanization • Communism • Irish Famine • Results of Nationalism • European revolts • African revolts • Asian revolts • Falling Empires • Spain and Portugal • The Ottoman Empire

3. The Age of Enlightenment • Characterized by questioning of authority, a focus on the rights of the individual and a reliance on reason. • Church was heavily criticized • Pushed for republican governments • Prominent thinkers: • John Locke and the Two Treatises of Government • Voltaire and the Philosophical Dictionary and Candide • Thomas Paine and Common Sense • Montesquieu and The Spirit of the Laws

4. Responses • The Declaration of Independence • Adopted by the Second Continental Congress in July, 1776 • Drafted by Thomas Jefferson but drew heavily upon John Locke • The Letter from Jamaica • Simon Bolivar wanted a unified and free Latin America • While in exile in Jamaica, Bolivar wrote the letter that advocated for republican government and united Latin America • Called upon Enlightenment thinkers and compared Latin American revolution to American and French

5. American Revolution • The Seven Years War put Britain in heavy debt that they taxed the American colonists to get out of • “No taxation without representation” • The Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III in 1775 • Declaration of Independence signed in July 1776 • French government recognized USA in 1778 • Lord Cornwallis surrendered in 1781. • Constitution written in 1787 insuring separation of powers and checks and balances • 1791 added the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing individual rights

6. Significance of the American Revolution • The first place Enlightenment ideas were tried on a large scale • Inspired revolutions around the world into the 21st century • Not that revolutionary really? • Largest democratic participation in government in the world

7. The French Revolution • Reasons for revolution: • Bourgeoisie desire for a wider political role • Bourgeoisie wish for restraints on the power of the clergy, monarchy, and aristocracy • Population growth • Famine due to poor harvest in 1787 and 1788 • Late eighteenth century France divided into First, Second, and Third Estates • Met at the Estates-General • Hadn’t been called in 175 years • King Louis XVI called the Estates-General in 1789 to raise taxes but the bourgeoisie forced him to change the voting system • Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 • National Assembly wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • Issued new constitution

8. The French Revolution • Jacobin rule began in 1792 • Executed over 30,000 people (mostly by guillotine) including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette • New constitution • Fighting foreign invasion • Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in 1799, returned authoritarian rule to France • Censored speech and the press • Codified law in Code Napoleon • Granted religious freedom • Established universities • Restricted rights of women

9. The French Revolution • Napoleon declared himself emperor in 1804 • Attempted to invade Russia in 1812 • Led to defeat by European alliance in 1814 • This was a revolutionary setback, but Napoleon’s run spread the ideas of the nationalism and revolution across Europe • The Congress of Vienna met in 1815 to create a balance of power in Europe • Conservatism • Liberalism • Radicalism • Revolutions of 1848

10. The Haitian Revolution • Hispaniola was a French colony • Heavily inspired by the French and American Revolutions • Gens de couleur • Boukman led a slave revolt in 1791 • maroons • Francois Dominique Toussaint picked up where Boukman left off • Constitution written in 1801 • January 1, 1804 the nation of Haiti became the second independent nation in the Western hemisphere

11. Latin American Revolutions

12. Chinese Revolutions

13. Results of Rapid Urbanization • Napoleon’s wars had created a mess for Europeans • Congress of Vienna had redrawn map with no consideration of ethnic and cultural groups • Societal changes from industrialization led to revolutions with two goals: • Political freedom • Economic opportunity

14. The Process of Change

15. Ideologies Resulting from Social Unrest • Liberalism based on ideals of liberty and equality and promoted free enterprise • Mostly from middle class • Feminist movements spreading across US and Europe • Olympe de Gouge and the Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen • Mary Wollstonecraft and the Vindicatioin of the Rights of Women • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony and the Declaration of Sentiments • Socialism developed by Henri de Saint-Simon. Advocated government control of the economy and the poor • Radicalism proposed drastic changes to existing governments and narrowing of wealth gap

16. Karl Marx and Communism • Karl Marx considered to be the most radical activists of the time • Believed that capitalism exploited the workers and widened the wealth gap • Bourgeoisie are the ‘haves’ and the proletariat the ‘have-nots’ • Envisioned a proletariat revolution where there would be no classes and no need for government • Lead to true communism—society of equality and cooperation • Relied upon the idea that class conflicts over economic issue drove the events of history

17. Results of Nationalism

18. Falling Empires • Spain and Portugal • Successful independence movements saw empires dwindling • Spain’s loss in the Spanish-American War effectively ended their empire • The Ottoman Empire • Lost territories in the Balkan Peninsula and faced opposition in Southwest Asia and North Africa • Crimean War hurt the Ottomans despite victory

19. The Ottoman Decline • The Ottoman Empire • Lost territories in the Balkan Peninsula and faced opposition in Southwest Asia and North Africa • Crimean War hurt the Ottomans despite victory • Fight between Russia and France and Britain over Bosporus and Dardanelles sea lanes • Tanzimat Reforms began in 1839 in an attempt to westernize but only contributed to the downfall of the empire • Financial instability an issue • The “Young Turks” attempted a coup to reinstitute Tanzimat but failed when the empire finally collapse in 1922 when Turkey became a republic