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Reform and Revolution. Problems in 19 th Century Europe. Social Problems associated with industrialization Working conditions Child Labor Lack of political representation Only wealthy landowners, aristocrats, and men were represented in the gov’t
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Problems in 19th Century Europe • Social Problems associated with industrialization • Working conditions • Child Labor • Lack of political representation • Only wealthy landowners, aristocrats, and men were represented in the gov’t • Peasants, workers, and women were not represented
Responses to these Problems • Britain—Reform legislation passed • This was preferable to revolution • France—Revolution • Monarch tried to rule as an absolute monarch and refused to compromise
British Social Reforms • Sadler Report • Showed harmful conditions endured by child workers • Factory Acts of 1833 & 1839—limited working hours of women & children in factories • Slavery Abolition Act--1833 • Laws passed to improve living conditions in industrial cities
British Political Reforms • Reform Act of 1832 • Gave industrial cities representation in Parliament • It gave the vote to middle-class men • It reduced the power of the aristocracy • But women and workers were still excluded
Chartism • Group that advocated for universal manhood suffrage-voting rights for all men • Sent a petition to Parliament in 1839 • People’s Charter demanded: • Voting rights for all men • Vote by secret ballot • Annual elections • Pay for representatives in Parliament • By the end of the 1800s most of the reforms in the People’s Charter had been passed in a Parliament
Chartism 1700 -1920 • Chartists –demanded voting rights and the secret ballot. • Parliament rejected the People’s Charter, which led to Chartist uprisings and eventually some Chartist reforms.
Voting Rights for Men • Reform Act of 1867—Extended voting rights to more men • Doubled the electorate • Many workingmen could now vote • Reform Act of 1884—Further extended voting rights to more men • Tripled the electorate • Most male agricultural laborers could now vote
Women’s Suffrage • Suffragists—people who worked to achieve voting rights for women • Worked for 40 years to win women’s suffrage • Millicent Fawcett—used a gradual, moderate approach • Signed petitions, lobbied members of Parliament • Emmeline Pankhurst—used more radical & destructive tactics • Used arson, broke windows, heckled Parliament • Act of 1918—Parliament gave women over 30 right to vote & all men over 21 • Equal Franchise Act—All women over 21 had the right to vote
Changes in the British Empire • Creation of the Dominion—British colonies were given independence but still remained a part of the British empire • Canada • Australia • New Zealand
Ireland & the Potato Famine • Since 1801, Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom after the Act of Union joined England, Scotland, and Wales. • Mid 1800’s – potato famineswept Ireland – 1.5 million migrated to the United States and 1 million starved while the British did little • Left Ireland resentful of British rule and finally 1920, Ireland received limited self-government
Revolution and Change in France • During the 1800’s, opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of government France would have – a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy.
Revolution in France • Revolution of 1830 • Charles X tried to rule as an absolute monarch • Suspended the legislature & people revolted in the Revolution of 1830 • Charles X abdicated and fled • Louis Philippe new king—constitutional monarchy • Known as the citizen king • Became increasingly repressive • Rich got richer and workers became poorer • His popularity fell
The Reign of Louis Philippe 1700 -1920 • Constitutional monarchyunder Louis Phillipe. • He was quite popular with the middle class. • Referred to as the “citizen king.” However, as king he increasingly abused his powers and an economic depression led France into another revolution.
Revolution in France #2 • Revolution of 1848 • Ppl protested against Louis Philippe • Louis Philippe abdicated and fled • A republic headed by a president was created • Louis Napoleon, Napoleon’s nephew, was elected • Universal manhood suffrage was instituted • Napoleon seized power • Became Napoleon III and created 2nd Empire
Third French Republic • 1870 Napoleon III defeated by Prussia • Napoleon deposed & 3rd French Republic proclaimed • Instituted reforms • Made education available for children btwn 6 & 13 • Labor unions were legalized • Reduced working hours • Employers were required to give workers one day a week off
Dreyfus Affair • All people did not benefit from reforms made in France • A political scandal that divided France in the 1890s, involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish army officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason • Falsely accused & convicted of betraying military secrets to Germany • Innocent but found guilty because he was a Jew • Victim of Anti-Semitism—prejudice toward Jews • Eventually cleared in 1906
Effect of the Dreyfus Affair • Theodor Herzl—journalist was shocked by Dreyfus Affair • believed that it happened bc Jews in Europe had no nation of their own • Published The Jewish State—outlined plans for an independent Jewish country; it helped to spark Zionism • Zionism—a Jewish nationalist movement to recreate a Jewish state in their ancient homeland in the Middle East
