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Russia: Reform and Revolution

1815 to 1910. Russia: Reform and Revolution. I.) Background of Times. Russia in mid-1800’s = large amount of land, natural resources, and population and had ideas of expansion! Problems : 1. lacked industry 2. landlocked (no port on Mediterranean Sea) 3. wide range of ethnic peoples

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Russia: Reform and Revolution

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  1. 1815 to 1910 Russia:Reform and Revolution

  2. I.) Background of Times • Russia in mid-1800’s = large amount of land, natural resources, and population and had ideas of expansion! • Problems: 1. lacked industry 2. landlocked (no port on Mediterranean Sea) 3. wide range of ethnic peoples - Belorussians (west) - Ukranians (south) - Great Russians (north/central) Slavic People

  3. Politics: 1. Czar (name given to Russian leader) 2. Autocratic Ruler (holds absolute power) - Alexander I (1801-1825) - Nicholas I (1825-1855) • Domestic Policy: 1. Censor speech/press 2. Russification: program for non-Russians to adopt language, religion, & customs Foreign Policy: 1. Pan-Slavism= unite all Slavic people 2. Expand into Asia & toward Ottoman Empire (aide the Balkan People)

  4. II.) Reforms under Czar Alexander II • In 1855 Alexander II becomes czar of Russia • Liberal Reforms: 1. Emancipation Edict: 1861 all serfs living in Russia are free Result: cheap source of labor for factories 2. 1864: Creates new local government Result:Zemstvos= councils at provincial & county levels 3. Other reforms: - Reformed the courts, - limited powers of secret police - gave press greater freedom - reorganized military

  5. Radical groups 1. Nihilists= 1860’s group of middle class & intellectuals revolutionaries 2. Populists= 1870’s group of revolutionaries 3. People’s Will= radical group who carried out terrorism Outcome: - Attempt to assassinate govt. official and czar - killed by terrorist bomb in 1881

  6. III.) The Czars of Russia • In 1881 Alexander III becomes Czar • Halts all reforms in Russia: (180* turn) - strict censorship - secret police - oppressed nationalist groups - Pogroms (violence against Jews & Muslims) - one language and one church • In 1894 Nicholas IIbecomes Czar - Autocratic Rule - Higher taxes & foreign investments Result: rapid industrialization Example: Trans-Siberian Railway= worlds largest continuing railroad (1891-1904)

  7. IV.) Unrest Leads to Revolution • Growth of industry creates larger gap between the rich & poor Outcome: - Russian Marxists lead by Karl Marx believe industrial workers can overthrow the czar: • Mensheviks (political overthrow) • Bolsheviks (violent overthrow; lead by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin)

  8. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • Japan vs. Russia for control of Manchuria & Korea Outcome: -Russia defeated -govt. seen as weak & corrupt Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905) 1. 200,000 protestors march w/ petition of rights for workers for Czar Nicholas II to sign 2. Military fires upon crowd killing between 500-1,000 3. Provokes waves of strikes & violence around the country……… “Revolution of 1905”

  9. Results: - the Duma created (Russia’s first parliament) - Czar is NOT overthrown……………….......… YET!

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