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The Great War

The Great War. Chapter 16, Sections 1-4. The Great War Outline. Road to War The 3 Isms of WWI Alliances Spark of the War World War One The War - 1914-1915 The War - 1916-1917 Entry of the US The Russian Revolution Revolution in Russia Rise of Lenin Russian Civil War End of the War

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The Great War

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  1. The Great War Chapter 16, Sections 1-4

  2. The Great War Outline • Road to War • The 3 Isms of WWI • Alliances • Spark of the War • World War One • The War - 1914-1915 • The War - 1916-1917 • Entry of the US • The Russian Revolution • Revolution in Russia • Rise of Lenin • Russian Civil War • End of the War • Collapse of Germany • Wilson’s Proposal • Outcome of the War

  3. The 3 Isms of WWI • Imperialism • The extension of a nation’s power over other lands • Caused rivalries between European powers • Nationalism • Pride in one’s nation • Unifications of Italy (1861) & Germany (1871) • Push for alliances with other similar nations • France losing land to Germany after Franco-Prussian War • Militarism • Government emphasizes large military • Rush in Europe to build large military • Conscription, or drafting, was a common practice in most countries

  4. Failure of Alliances • Some thought alliances would bring peace, ended up causing competition • Began forming in 1800s • Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Triple Entente (1907) – Britain, France, Russia • Countries begin feuding, competing with each other…tension builds • What kinds of dangers exist when combining alliances with Imperialism? Nationalism? Militarism?

  5. Spark of the War • 1914 – Serbia, a Russian ally, began a push for land in the Balkans • Austria-Hungary did not want that to happen • June 28, 1914 – Austrian prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand killed by GavriloPrincip • Princip a member of Serbian group The Black Hand • Austria-Hungary gained support from Germany, declared war on Serbia July 28 • Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary, begins mobilization, or assembling troops and supplies • Germany ordered a halt to Russian mobilization, declared war on Aug. 1, when Russia refused

  6. The War – 1914-1915 • Germany knows only a matter of time before France joins Russia • Triple Entente • Schlieffen Plan • Developed by German General Alfred von Schlieffen, presented to ruler Wilhelm II • Germany would invade France through neutral Belgium • Aug. 3, Germany declares war on France, orders Belgium to allow their troops to advance • Aug. 4, British prime minister Henry Asquith declares war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality

  7. The War – 1914-1915 Cont’d • Western Front • France, Britain vsGermany • France is able to stop Schlieffen Plan • Trench warfare slows the war many thought would end in weeks • Eastern Front • Russia vsGermany, Austria-Hungary • Late Aug., Russia is able to push into Germany…in weeks are pushed out • Austria-Hungary demolished by Russians • May 1915, Italy swaps to Triple Entente, now known as The Allies

  8. The War – 1916-1917 • How would you fight trench warfare? • Military leaders of the time were used to movement & maneuver • Fighting involved: • Constant barrage of bullets to “soften” enemy lines • Sending groups of soldiers across no man’s land to attack defenses • War of attrition – war based on wearing the other side down – ensues • Dangers of War • Trench foot • Shellshock

  9. Stalemate

  10. Soldiers at War

  11. The War of Attrition • New weapons of war • U-Boats (1914) • Poison gas (1914) • War in the air (1914) • Tanks (1915) • New parties enter • Ottoman Empire (1914) • Italy (1915) • Bulgaria (1915) • Japan & Australia • Entente become Allies, Allied become Central Powers • War also spreads worldwide • Middle East • BritainLawrence of Arabia leads Arabs in revolt against Ottoman Empire • Japan & Australia fight and conquer German colonies in Pacific

  12. Entry of the US • Sinking of Lusitania (May 7, 1915) • British passenger ship sunk by German U-Boat • 1,198 people killed, 128 Americans • Zimmerman Telegram (January 16, 1917) • German telegram to Mexico • Offered previous Mexican lands back if they led an attack on US • Intercepted by British • U.S. enters war April 6, 1917 • Total War, or the devotion of all resources to the war campaign, ensues in the United States • What will be impact at home? • Women, government powers, public opinion of war • What will be impact at war? • New soldiers, new attitudes

  13. Exit Slip • What was the basic idea behind the Schlieffen Plan? • Why was WWI considered a war of attrition? • Give one of the two reasons the US entered WWI.

  14. Revolution in Russia • Losing effort in war • 2 million dead, 4-6 million wounded • Czar Nicholas II often left decisions up to his German-born wife, Alexandra • Influenced by Rasputin, a holy man who looked after the sick heir to the throne • Weak rulers, a poor economy, & military losses led to an uprising • Attempts to stop the uprising, like killing Rasputin, were too late • The March Revolution (1917) • Poor economy led to higher priced goods • 3/8 – 10,000 women march to protest gov’t, Nicholas orders them stop or shot • Soldiers joined the demonstrators instead of stopping them • 3/12 – Duma, or Russian legislative body meets, orders Nicholas to step down • 3/15 – Nicholas steps down, ends Romanov dynasty • Government continues war, but groups of rebels rise in Russia…known as Soviets

  15. Rise of Lenin • Bolsheviks were strongest Soviet group, led by Vladimir Lenin • Party representing workers’ rights, were against evils of capitalism • Thought violence was only answer to stop capitalism • Lenin pushed for overthrow of provisional gov’t • Wanted land distributed to people, committees running companies, and all gov’t transferred to Soviets

  16. Russian Civil War • Lenin seized power in October of 1917 and ended the war with Germany in March 1918 • Change name from Soviets to Communists • Gave up Eastern Poland, Finland, Ukraine, and Balkan lands • Civil War ensued (1918-1921) • Reds – Communist, Whites – were anti-Communist • Too little, too late, Communists win the war

  17. Collapse of Germany • Allies had an interesting 1917 • Good – Americans join • Bad – Russians leave, Germans can now focus on Western front • March 1918 Germans focus all strength on West, are within 50 miles of Paris by April • Allied forces stop advance, push into Germany by September • September 18, 1918, Germany surrenders • Wilhelm II leaves the country in November • Armistice, or agreement to end fighting, is signed Nov. 11, 1918 • Fighting would continue within Germany over who would control the country

  18. Wilson’s Proposal • Blame ultimately landed on Germany • Reps of the 27 victorious nations met in Paris to develop a peace settlement • President Woodrow Wilson cautioned punishing Germany too much • Wilson issues his Fourteen Points • Disarmament of all nations • End to “secret diplomacy” • Right for all people to have their own nations • Biggest point was League of Nations, or an organized group that would help prevent war through diplomacy • It is created, but without US presence, as Congress says “no”

  19. Outcome of the War • Paris Peace Conference • David Lloyd George (GB), Georges Clemanceau(Fra), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) & Woodrow Wilson (US) lead talks • GB, Italy, & France want to make Germany pay for war • Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) • Signed in Palace of Versailles in France • Declared Germany responsible for war, had to pay $63 billion ($768 billion today) • 100,000 man army, cut back on navy, eliminate air force • Lands of Alsace and Lorraine given to French • The Rhine (German border to France) demilitarized • Legacy of War • New map of Europe • 10 million people dead • How will Germans feel?How could this impact WWII?

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